Statistics Essay Example for Free

Statistics Essay1. Age, income, length of labor, return to work and number of hours working per week 2. fuddled and standard deviation were used to describe the length of labor. These were appropriate since bastardly and standard deviation can be calculated on an interval take aim of measurement. 3. Range could also be used to describe the length of labor since this statistic can be used on interval data with no earthy zero point.4. The distribution of scores was similar for the experimental and pull strings groups for length of labor. The experimental group had a mean of 14.63 hours and the control group had a mean of 12.79 hours which is a difference of less than 2 hours with a SD of 7.78 for experimental and 7.2 for control. 5. The experimental and control groups were similar in the type of feeding. More people fed with a bottle than breast or breast and bottle in the experimental and control group. The percentages in both were lowest for breast and bottle with 6.3% for experimental and 5.6% for control.6. get married was the marital status mode for the experimental group and control group since it was the largest group. The frequency and percentage are 25 and 78.1% for the experimental group and 31 and 86.1% for the control group who are married. 7. Yes a median can be determined for the educational data. The median for the experimental and the control group are the people in the close to college group. The median is the middle category and can be determined for ordinal data like education.8. The findings from this study cannot be generalized to Black women since the render size is so low in the experimental group and there are no Black women in the control group. Black women might gain different self- care interventions to manage post- partum fatigue than white women. 9. There is a note at the bottom of the table that mentions that there is missing data. Perhaps some mothers did not reveal that data. 10. The sample was adequately described. H owever, adding information about all complications before or during birth, the type of delivery for example C-section vs. natural, or if the women had any help such as a nanny would add to the description.

Google Glass Essay Example for Free

Google Glass EssayGoogle Glass should be prohibited to be public for the world. In core of technological advances, we have changed our society and have been convenient for few decades. Thanks to advanced technology, we eventually became possible to do anything we want with electronic devices from modern technology. At this point, Eric Schmidt, who is a current Googles executive chairman, announced that Google go away commercialize Google Glass by the end of 2013. Google Glass is a wearable computer with a head mounted display by Google in the Project Glass, research and development. Google glass displays information in a smartphone-like hands-free format that can interact with the cyberspace via voice commands. Briefly, its going to be like a smart phone wearing on our eyes. It is believed that modern technology has brought many benefits to us, we should be alert that its possible to use for our society. Firstly, the public would be threatened by Google Glass seriously. Inver ters of Google Glass say that Google Glass will be equipped with an dexterous camera that can take clear pictures at anytime, anywhere.It authority that taking picture with a Google Glass can lead to an invasion of portrait right. Furthermore, it doesnt have any speakers to let other people know that users are in the process of recording. For instance, cell phones and camcorders have speakers exceeding a background fray level of 6070dB. Instead of loud speakers, it has bone-conduction headphones near frames. But it mustnt be a function as alert sound. Secondly, Google Glass will short affect our body badly. What would happen if we wear Google Glass for very long time?Every electronic device has electromagnetic waves as always. According to Interphone information Group in France (ISG), 2 billion people will have brain cancer by 2020 from cell phones. Unfortunately, Google Glass has the same critical cast as the cell phones have. If we wear Google Glass, we might as well face a terrible situation like ISG said. Moreover, they are saying that a reinvigorated psychological disease called nomophonia, which makes us feel nervous because of not holding own our device, will occur at the moment.Im sure that it would be a disaster for us as well as our next generations. At last, Id say that there will be liability problems by being obsessed with Google Glass. People will wear Google Glass while driving in spite of definite warnings not to do. After that, they will clash with the elderly or any pedestrians and somebody will get hurt seriously. The medical insurance may not be possible to teetotum the medical care because money can be critical.If Google Glass is commercialized, we will have to take up a liability insurance to use it. It means the we need to add cost of an insurance policy to Google Glass bill. Of course, Using Google Glass will make our life slightly more comfortable and convenient. On the other hand, we should deeply think it has so many side ef fects that can badly effect to our society. Therefore, I hold very strongly that organizations in charge of license of selling electronic devices shouldnt allow to release into the world.

Effect of Short Range Correlation

Effect of Short Range CorrelationThe yield of piffling range coefficient of correlation on the atomic beef density distri exactlyion, resilient and in compromising electron scattering coulomb configuration federal agents of 16O lens nucleusAbdullah S. MdekilAbstractThe effect of the short range correlation on the flower density disribution, tractile electron scattering form figures and in rubbery Coulomb form factors is studied for the two excited offers (6.92 and 11.52 MeV) in is analyzed. This effect (which depends on the correlation parameter) is cut ined into the cornerstone state intrust density distribution through the Jastrow type correlation function. The single particle openhearted oscillator vibrate function is used with an oscillator size parameter The parameters and argon considered as free parameters, adjusted for each excited state separately so as to regorge the experimental root mean squ ar post wheel spoke of In nonresilient coulomb (longi tidinal) form factors of 16O, two different mystifys are engaged for . In the first ensample (model A), is considered as a disagreeable slip nucleus. Here, the model billet in does not contribute to the mutation adulterate density, because there are no protons outside the closed jaw nucleus . In the second model (model B), the nucleus of is assumed as a core of with 2 protons and 2 neutrons move in and model space. It is found that the admission of the effect of short range correlations is necessary for obtaining a remarkable modification in the cipher inelastic Coulomb form factors and considered as an essential for invoice the data amazingly throughout the whole range of considered momentum transfer.Keywords charge density distribution, elastic charge form factors, inelastic longitudinal form factors, short range correlation.1-IntroductionElectron scattering provides more accurate information roughly the nu abstemious structure for example size and charge distri bution. It provides important knowledge about the electromagnetic currents inside the nuclei. Electron scattering have been provided a good test for such evaluation since it is sensitive to the spatial dependence on the charge and current densities 1, 2, 3.Depending on the electron scattering, one can distinguish two types of scattering in the first type, the nucleus is left in its ground state, that is called elastic electron scattering while in the second type, the nucleus is left on its different excited states, this is called inelastic electron scattering 4, 5.In the studies of Massen et al. 6-8, the factor cluster expansion of Clark and co-workers 9-11 was utilized to derive an explicit form of the elastic charge form factor, truncated at the two-body term. This form, which is a sum of one- and two-body terms, depends on the good-hearted oscillator parameter and the correlation parameter through a Jastrow-type correlation function 12. This form is employed for the evaluation o f the elastic charge form factors of closed shell nuclei and in an approximate technique (that is, for the expansion of the two-body terms in powers of the correlation parameter, only the leading terms had been kept) for the open and shell nuclei. Subsequently, Massen and Moustakidis 13 performed a systematic guinea pig of the effect of the SRC on and shell nuclei with entirely avoiding the approximation made in their earlier works outlined in 6-8 for the open shell nuclei. Explicit forms of elastic charge form factors and densities were found utilizing the factor cluster expansion of Clark and co-workers and Jastrow correlation functions which introduce the SRC. These forms depends on the single particle jar functions and not on the wave functions of the relative motion of two nucleons as was the case of our previous works 14-20 and other works 6,21,22.It is important to point out that all the above studies were interpose to with the analysis of the effect of the SRC on th e elastic electron scattering charge form factors of nuclei.There has been no detailed investigation for the effect of the SRC on the inelastic electron scattering form factors of nuclei. We thus, in the present work, perform calculations with inclusion this effect on the inelastic Coulomb form factors for closed shell nucleus. As a test case, the is considered in this study. To study the effect of SRC (which depends on the correlation parameter on the inelastic electron scattering charge form factors of considered nucleus, we insert this effect on the ground state charge density distribution through the Jastrow type correlation function 12. The single particle harmonic oscillator wave function is used in the present calculations with an oscillator size parameter The effect of SRC on the inelastic Coloumb form factors for the two excited states (6.92 and 11.52 MeV) in is analyzed.2. Theory dead electron scattering longitudinal (Coulomb) form factor involves angular momentum an d momentum transfer and is give by 23 (1)where and are the initial and final nuclear states (described by the shell model states of spin and isospin ), is the longitudinal electron scattering operator, is the center of mass correction (which removes the spurious states arising from the motion of the center of mass when shell model wave function is used), is the nucleon finite size correction and assumed to be the same for protons and neutrons, A is the nuclear mass number, is the atomic number and is the harmonic oscillator size parameter.The form factor of eq.(1) is expressed via the hyaloplasm elements reduced in both angular momentum and isospin 24 (2)where in eq. (2), the bracket ( ) is the three- symbol, where and are restricted by the following selection rule (3)and is given by The reduced matrix elements in spin and isospin space of the longitudinal operator between the final and initial many particles states of the system including configuration mixing are given in terms of the one-body density matrix (OBDM) elements times the single particle matrix elements of the longitudinal operator 25 (4)where and label single particle states (isospin included) for the shell model space. The in eq. (4) is calculated in terms of the isospin-reduced matrix elements as 26 (5)where is the isospin operator of the single particle. (6)The model space matrix element, in eq. (6), is given by (7)where is the spherical Bessel function and is the model space modulation charge density, expressed as the sum of the crossway of the times the single particle matrix elements, given by 26. (8)Here, is the radial part of the harmonic oscillator wave function and is the spherical harmonic wave function.The core-polarization matrix element, in eq. (6), is given by (9)where is the core-polarization understandation charge density which depends on the model used for core polarization. To take the core-polarization effects into consideration, the model space rene wal charge density is added to the core-polarization transition charge density that describes the collective modes of nuclei. The total transition charge density becomes (10)According to the collective modes of nuclei, the core polarization transition charge density is assumed to have the form of Tassie shape 27 (11)where is the proportionality constant given by 14 (12)which can be determind by adusting the reduced transition hazard to the experimental value, and is the ground state charge density distribution of considered nuclei.For the ground state charge densities of closed shell nuclei may be associate to the ground state point nucleon densities by 28, 29 (13)in unit of electronic charge per unit volume (e.fm-3).An expression of the correlated density (where the effect of the SRCs is included), consists of one- and two-body terms, is given by 13 (14)where is the normalization factor and is the one body density operator given by (15)The correlated density of eq. (14) , which is truncated at the two-body term and originated by the factor cluster expansion of Clark and co-workers 10-12, depends on the correlation parameter through the Jastrow-type correlation (16)where is a state-independent correlation function, which has the following properties for large set of and for It is so clear that the effect of SRCs, inserted by the function becomes large for small values of SRC parameter and vice versa.The one-body term, in eq. (14), is well known and given by (17)where is the occupation probability of the state and is the radial part of the single particle harmonic oscillator wave function.The two-body term, in eq. (14), is given by 13 (18)where (19)The form of the two-body term is then originated by expanding the factor in the spherical harmonics and expressed as 13 (20)where (21)and is the Clebsch-Gordan coefficients.It is important to point out that the expressions of eqs. (17) And (20) are originated for closed shell nuclei with w here the occupation probability is 0 or 1. To blend in the calculations for isotopes of closed shell nuclei, the correlated charge densities of these isotopes are characterized by the same expressions of eqs. (17) and (20) (this is because all isotopic chain nuclei have the same atomic number but this time different values for the parameters and are utilized.The mean square charge radii of nuclei are defined by (22)where the normalzation of the charge density distribution is given by (23)3-Results and discussionThe ground state CDD is calculated by eq.(13) together with eqs. (14), (17) and (20). The calculated CDD without (with) the effect of the SRC i.e., when the correlation parameter is obtained by adjusting only the parameter (the two parameters and ) so as to reproduce the experimental root mean square (rms) charge radii of nuclei under study. The elastic electron scattering charge form factors which is simply the Fourier transform of the ground state CDD.In Fig. 1, we compare the calculated CDD Fig. 1(a) and elastic charge form factors Fig. 1(b) of with those of experimental data (the open circles). In Fig. 1, we compare the calculated CDD Fig. 1 (a) and elastic charge form factors Fig. 1 (b) of with those of experimental data (the open circles). The dashed curves are the calculated results without the inclusion of the effect of the SRC obtained with and fm. The solid curves are the calculated results with including the effect of the SRC obtained with fm-2 and fm. It is important to point out that the parameters and employed in the calculations of the dashed and solid curves are chosen so as to reproduce the experimental rms charge radius of Fig. 1 (a) illustrates that the calculated CDD of the dashed curve (without the effect of the SRC) is in such a good agreement with that of the experimental data, and the solid curve (with the effect of the SRC) is not in such a good agreement with that of the experimental data, especially in the substitution region ( fm) of the distributions. The inclusion of SRC has the feature of reducing the central region of the distribution as seen in the solid curve of this figure. Inspection to the Fig. 1 (b) gives an indication that the solid curve is better describing the experimental data than that of the dashed curve, particularly in the region of momentum transfer fm-1. The rms charge radius calculated with the above values of and is 2.621 fm, which is less than the experimental value by 0.097fm, which corresponds to a decrease of nearly 3.6 % of the experimental value.Fig. 1. The calculated CDD and elastic charge form factors are compared with those of experimental data. The dashed curve corresponds to the values for the parameters and fm, the solid curve corresponds to the values for the parameters fm-2 and fm while the open circles and the triangles in Figs. 1 (a) and 1 (b) are the experimental data taken from 30 and 31, respectively.The effect of the SRC on the inelas tic Coulomb form factors is studied for the two excited states (6.92 and 11.52 MeV) in. Core polarization effects are taken into consideration by means of the Tassie model eq. (11), where this model depends on the ground state charge density distribution. The proportionality constant eq. (12) is estimated by adjusting the reduced transition probability to the experimental value. The effect of the SRC is incorporated into the ground state charge density distribution through the Jastrow type correlation function 12. The single particle harmonic oscillator wave function is employed with an oscillator size parameter The charge density distribution calculated without the effect of the SRC depends only on one free parameter (namely the parameter), where is chosen in such away so as to reproduce the experimental rms charge radii of considered nuclei. The charge density distribution calculated with the effect of the SRC depends on two free parameters (namely the harmonic oscillator size parameter and the correlation parameter), where these parameters are adjusted for each excited state separately so as to reproduce the experimental rms charge radii of considered nuclei.Two different models are employed for. In the first model (model A), is considered as a closed shell nucleus. In this model, the proton occupation probabilities in are assumed to be and Here, the model space in does not contribute to the transition charge density i.e. , because there are no protons outside the closed shell nucleus . Accordingly, the Coloumb form factors of come entirely from the core polarization transition charge density. In the second model (model B), the nucleus of is assumed as a core of with 2 protons and 2 neutrons move in and model space. In this model, the proton occupation probabilities in are assumed to be and Here, the total transition charge density eq. (10) comes from both the model space and core polarization transition charge densities. The OBDM elements of are generated, via the shell model code OXBASH 32, using the REWIL 33 as a realistic effective interaction in the isospin formalism for 4 particles move in the and model space with a core.In Table 1, the experimental excitation energies (MeV), experimental reduced transition probabilities (fm) and the chosen values for the parameters and for each excited state (used in the calculations of model A and B) in and are displayed. The root mean square (rms) charge radius calculated in both models with the effect of SRC is also displayed in this table and compared with that of experimental result. It is evident from this table that the values of the parameter employed for calculations with the effect of SRC are smaller than that of without SRC ( fm) . This is attributed to the fact that the introduction of SRC leads to enlarge the relative distance of the nucleons (i.e., the size of the nucleus) whereas the parameter (which is proportional to the radius of the nucleus) sho uld become smaller so as to reproduce the experimental rms charge radius of the considered nuclei.Inelastic Coloumb form factors for different transitions in are displayed in Figs. 1 and 2. The calculated inelastic form factors obtained with model A are shown in the upper panel Figs. 1(a)-2(a) of the above figures whereas those obtained with model B are shown in the lower panel Figs. 1(b)- 2(b) of the above figures. It is obvious that all transitions considered in, presented in the above figures, are of an isoscalar character. Besides, the parity of them does not change. Here, the calculated inelastic form factors are plotted versus the momentum transfer and compared with those of experimental data. The dashed and solid curves are the calculated inelastic Coloumb form factors without and with the inclusion of the effect of the SRC, respectively. The open symbols are those of experimental data taken from 34, 35.Table1. The experimental excitation energies and reduced transition pro babilities, the chosen values for and as well as the rms charge radius calculated with the effect of the SRC of 16O.(fm)Model BModel Afm2L)(MeV)State (fm)(fm-2)(fm) (fm)(fm-2)(fm)302.704

Cost Leadership Business Strategy

Cost Leadership Business StrategyCost leadership is a business schema developed by Michael Porter. It eases the organization create competitive advantage. Cost leadership refers to offer lowest court of military operation in the industry and it is opposite from price leadership. Its often driven by organization efficiency, size, scale, scope, technology and experience. A apostrophize leadership strategy use to exploit scale of takings, producing risquely standardized products by using high technology. An organization could be the lowest cost producer, but not offer the lowest-priced products or services to customer. Therefore the organization would have a higher than mediocre gatherability. However, cost leader organization will compete on price and are very effective at such a form of competition, having a low cost structure and management. The organizations crumb increase the market share by appealing price-sensitive customers. This is accomplishd by having the lowes t prices in the target market component to appealing price-sensitive customer while the organization still profitability and a high return on investment. The organization must be able to extend at a lower cost than its rivals. Organization can achieves this by achieving a high asset turnover, low direct and indirect operating costs, and ensure over the supply/procurement chain to ensure low costs.The attach to choose are London Biscuits Berhad grouping, eastern fare Industries Sdn Bhd and Apollo Food Industries Sdn Bhd. London Biscuits Berhad Group is a manufacturing and marketing stripes and snack food which score high in terms of product safety and quality based in Malaysia. It is listed in the important market of Bursa Malaysia. The reason our group chosen this family is in the annual report 2010 the association outlook and prospect mention to the highest degree the cost effective. Besides, the fraternity strategy for go also show they march toward cost leadership. I t relate to assignment topic which is compete on a cost leadership strategy.Oriental Food Industries Sdn Bhd is the food manufacturing industry, today holding the leading position in the snack food and confectionery industry in Malaysia. It also listed in the of import market of Bursa Malaysia. One of the aim for research and development team is to sicken cost and wastage while increasing productivity and maintaining standards. This strategy shows the company trying to achieve cost leadership. Apollo Food Industries Sdn Bhd is the manufacturing compound chocolate confectionery products and layer cakes based in Malaysia. The company also listed in the main market of Bursa Malaysia. One of the company strategies is implementing and maintains the quality management system and continually purifys its effectiveness. This strategy shows the company is towards to cost leadership.BodyLondon Biscuits BerhadThe first company is London Biscuits Berhad. From annual report, they mention that the company is toward cost efficiency by few strategies. The first and foremost, London Biscuits Berhad have implement the low cost in the main bare-ass substantive. The company bought model Hong Berhad to assure has a continuous and adequate supply of quality liquid eggs at honest price. Liquid egg is one of the main raw materials in manufacturing of cake product. After, the company have take up a controlling stake in TPC PLUS BERHAD( TPC) at a reasonably tacky entry cost. TPC is a company also listed in the main market of Bursa Malaysia, mainly involved in producing chicken eggs for industry, commercial and consumer use. TPC is also a supplier of London Biscuit Berhad. The action help the company have own supplier of egg with assured quality and cost-effective to the company.The second strategy they implement is mass issue, it can help the company to reduce the average cost. The reason is that, mass production can reduce the wastage in raw material as well as achieve cost-ef fective at long range perspective. In the annual report, they mention they are commissioning of new cake production line which to be the single biggest production line in South East Asia. The line wills more than double of the company existing production capacity.The third strategy implement is upgrade technology to improve production efficiencies, reduce wastage and reduce manpower requirement. In annual report, the company mention about older machines and facilities in snack manufacturing division are upgrading to custom design and built machines. For long term, this will help the company save production cost and lead to cost leadership in the industry.The last strategy implement is directors training. In annual report, the company mentions certain directors have attended training and seminar whether in-house or external in various areas to enhance their readinesss to contribute more effectively to the company. This action will help the company running with more efficiency, imple ment helpful strategy and reduce the mistake in determination making by director.Oriental Food Industries Sdn BhdThe Second Company is Oriental Food Industries Sdn Bhd. From the annual report, the groups pre-tax profit grew faster at 37.5%. Its driven principally by a better sales mix as well as a more in effect(p) cost structure. From the statement, we can know the company is a cost leadership company.The first strategy the company use to achieve cost leadership is directors training, it can find in the group annual reports. This will improve the ability and efficiency of the director in making decision. This will reduce the wrong decision making, indirect reduce the loss in making a wrong decision. Besides, in the annual report mention the company provide on-job-training and external courses for germane(predicate) departments to ensure the sufficiently skilled to perform effectively and efficiently. This strategy can help the company reduce the manpower require and save cost even up for Over Time.The second strategy implement is reducing cost and wastage and increasing productivity. From the company websites, the RD team engages in various research methods in order to improve the production process to achieve the strategy. This will lead the company to cost leadership.The third strategy implement is technology. From the company website, they mention the company abreast with the modish technology developments. The company produces the products with modern machinery for increase the productivity and efficiency to achieve economic of scale. It also can help the company reduce the manpower using.The forth strategy implement is the race with suppliers and customer. In the annual report, the company mentions Mr. Son Chen Chuan as a Managing Director in the company, he had close relationship with the supplier and customer. With the relationship with supplier they can get the material with quality and lower price. This will reduce the cost for the company.Ap ollo Food Industries Sdn BhdThe third company is Apollo Food Industries Sdn Bhd. From the annual report, all the director have completed the Mandatory Accreditation Programmed (MAP). The aim of this training is to enhance their skills and knowledge. It can help the directors in decision making to reduce the error and risk. When wrong decision making, the risk and cost for the company is high, it can help the company save cost.The second strategy implement is training provide to employee. From the annual report, the company mention the employees are provided with necessary training in various job related organized by external parties to enhance the skill and knowledge. This will help the company reduce the manpower and pay for Over Time.The third strategy implement is reducing wastage. From the annual report, the company mention operation and office resources are been utilized without much wastage and recycling are being encourage at all time. This strategy will save the cost for the company and lead the company towards cost leadership.The forth strategy implement is continuous improve in production planning. From the annual report, the company invests on newer and modern production machineries to increase the production and reduce the cost.These companies have implemented several similar strategies such as mass production, upgrade the technology and director and employee training. These strategies will help the companies to achieve economic of scale, reduce the manpower and other expenses in order to achieve cost leadership in the industry. Besides, these companies also have implement distinct strategies to leads the industry. The London Biscuits buying their supplier to reduce the raw material cost and insure the quality of raw material. This strategy not implement by the twain companies, it become favourable position for London Biscuit Berhad. The Oriental Food Industries Sdn Bhd implement different strategies but the same aim is to get the material at re asonable price. This company achieves this by having a good relationship with the supplier to increase the bargaining power to supplier.3.0 ConclusionThe three companies uses to research are from the same industries that compete with each other in the same market. These three companies use their cost leadership strategies in the confection industry in order to reduce the cost and keep their price low to compete with others and increase the market share to survive. Most of the strategy are similar but implement in different ways to achieve cost leadership strategies. Besides, there are some different strategies use are different from others. These help company have superiority when compete with other.

Discussion on Women Education and Empowerment in India

Discussion on Wo manpower knowledge and authorisation in IndiaWomen constitute almost half of the universe of discourse in the world. But the prevailing masculine ideology made them suffer a rotary as they were denied equal opportunities in different parts of the world. The commencement of feminist ideas progress to, however, led to the tremendous emendment of womens chink through push through the world in recent time. India being a developing nation and having broad tussles among its policy-making, religious and administrative organs resulting into blocked development and the worst effect of that we can witness into women condition .They do not countenance proper receive to learn and pay off and access to pedagogy has been one of the most pressing demands of womens rights . Women procreation in India has besides been a major preoccupation of both the large medication and civil society as educated women can play a truly significant role in the development of the republic.History of Women Education in India(4,6)Although in the Vedic period women had access to teaching method in India hardly as the time grew they lost this right to avail didactics and academic exposure. However, in the British period there was revival of interest in womens grooming in India cod to Britishers strong influence to the core Indian education system. During this period, non-homogeneous socio religious movements led by eminent persons care Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar emphasized on womens education in India. Mahatma Jyotiba Phule, Periyar and Baba Saheb Ambedkar were leaders of the meeker cliques in India who took unlike initiatives to make education available to the women of India. They as well as ensured about their participation in the fond gatherings and events by introducing them into polity and administration at alone takes. However womens education got a fillip after the country got independence in 1947 and the governance has interpreted various measures to provide education to all Indian women. As a result womens literacy rate has grown over the three decades and the growth of female literacy has in fact been gamyer than that of male literacy rate. fleck in 1971 only 22% of Indian women were literate, by the end of 2001 54.16% female were literate. The growth of female literacy rate is 14.87% as comp ard to 11.72 % of that of male literacy rate and is on growing path.Government has taken a step forward by making education compulsory and substitution to missy pip-squeak till the age of fourteen. They are getting reservations in earth sector exams and private sectors like Banks, Transport Services, Hospitality and Tourism, Healthcare etc. (4. Freedom Struggle By- Bipin Chandra Pal)Table The Literacy Rate in India 1901-2011Percentage of Literates to total universeYear Persons Males womanlys1901 5.3 9.8 0.71911 5.9 10.6 1.11921 7.2 12.2 1.81931 9.5 15.6 2.91941 16.1 24.9 7.31951 16.7 24.9 7.31961 24.0 34.4 13.01971 29.5 39.5 18.71981 36.2 46.9 24.81991 52.1 63.9 39.22001 65.38 76.0 54.02011(Recent data) 74.04 82.14 65.46The above table shows that there is an improvement in women literacy in India during the years. But when we compare it with male literacy it be beats a concern area. (9. Censusindia.gov.in)Importance of Women Education in India(7)Women education in India plays a very important role in the overall development of the country. It not only helps in the development of half of the homophile resources, but in improving the quality of carriage at home and distant. Educated women not only tend to promote education of their girl baberen, but also can provide better guidance to all their children. Moreover educated women can also help in the reduction of infant death rate rate and growth of the nation.Education is a potent tool in the emancipation and authorization of women. Its true that not bad(p)est single factor which can improbably improve the status of women in any society is education. It is indispensable that education enables women not only to gain more knowledge about the world outside of her shell and home but helps her to get status, electropositive self esteem, and self confidence. It imparts necessary courage and inner strength to face challenges in deportment. Apparently it also facilitates them to procure a job and supplement the income of family and achieve sociable status. Education especially of women has a major impact on health and nutrition as an instrument of developing a sustainable strategy for population control. Moreover educated women can play an equally important role as men in nation building. Thus there is no denying fact that education empowers women. For example the different organs of the United Nations and experts on womens liberation argue for womens education as the basic step to attain equality with men. ( 7. Saraswathi Mishra, Status of Indian Women,Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi, 2002)Obsta clesAs we have discussed earlier to improve women education and condition in India various initiatives and corrective measures have been done but still a lot is expected to be accomplished.THE ROOT CAUSES FOR LOW LITERACY AMONG WOMEN IN INDIAWomen education is a multi-dimensional phenomenon. No single factor or cause can be held responsible for very low literacy rate of women in India. Subsequently it is associated with conspiracy of many factors including social, cultural, economic, educational, demographic, political and administrative and so on. The following are the some of the important factors which could be attributed for the present woeful posit of affairs of womenfolk in education.The reject Enrolment The lower enrolment of girls in schools is one of the foundational factors which stand as stumbling block for women empowerment in India. Reliable sources indicate that more than 50 % of the Non-Starters (those who have never been to school) are girls. According to the lat est statistics, two out of all(prenominal) ten girls in the age group of 6-11 are still not enrolled in schools. (1)Higher drop-out rate among girls from schools The incidence and prevalence of drop -outs among girls especially in rural, tribal and slums areas seem to be quite high. According to available sources, occurrence of drop-out and stagnancy amongst girls is nearly twice that of boys all over India. (1)Girl sister as Second MotherIn many families girl children play the role of flash mystify by shouldering the responsibilities of household work more(prenominal) as looking after the sibling, fetching water, collecting firewood, bringing fodder for cattle, cleaning and cooking etc. In rural India especially in poor families this traditional sex role makes girl child handicapped and conditioned by the attitude of mother and the family and discourages girl child to go school as it becomes secondary and unimportant. Hence girl child is getting deprived of her basic and fun damental right of education and drop outdom. (8)Bonded Labor System This social evil is a quite discouraging phenomena which stand as barrier for girls education in rural areas for the underprivileged families of automatic washer men and agricultural labor , scheduled caste and scheduled tribes.Caste System as a Barrier Children belonging to low caste families are forced to learn skills and work ways and not encouraged to go to school due to various factors. Strict instruction /threat from high caste communities for their selfish motives of keeping them as municipal servants and child laborers in the farms or factory. We can witness this through the stories of various factories and farm houses in industrial cities of India. Media is also playing a crucial role here in promoting as well as resisting these mishaps. (8)Bane of DowryDowry system and other social practices act as main causes of the neglect of the girl child and discrimination against girl child including the deprivati on of right of education. In many families especially poor and down-trodden think that if their daughters are educated more, they have to accumulate more assets and properties to provide as dowry in large proportion at the time of spousals, so prefer rather to either stop their children with average education and so on but never higher education. This prevails more in underprivileged families and communities. (1)Child Labour PracticeA large segment of child population in India is engaged in child labour practices. According to UN sources India is the most child labour populous nation in the globe with more than 50 million child labourers indulged in beedi works , carpet making , bricks, mining , exploit ,glass, bangles, match and fireworks, gem polishing ,handloom works. zari, embroidery ,coir industry, domestic works, construction etc. In most of these industries girl children are preferred for high productivity and low cost. (8) pitiable School Environment for girls In general t he school environment for girls in India is not really interesting and encouraging. The subjects taught in schools are also not related to the environment of girl children. The methods of teaching are mostly out dated, rigid and uninteresting. There are still hundreds of schools with poor basic amenities such as drinking water, latrine and toilet facilities, improper building, and inadequate number of teachers especially female teachers preferable for any parents for safety of their girl children from different types of exploitation and abuse. (7)Female age at marriage There is high association of female literacy with female age at marriage. By and large the female age at marriage of 18 ( recently 21 years ) as prescribed by various legislations not at all followed in India .It is very such(prenominal) ignored and neglected by the families of parents with low literacy and illiteracy background. This obnoxious practice discourages female children to continue their schooling and hig her education as they enter into family life at the early age which is not advisable from the physical and mental health point of view and also of social development. (7)Inferiority, subservience and domesticityThe female child in Indian culture especially in rural, tribal and poor families is expected to develop the qualities of inferiority subservience and domesticity which place sever limitations on her education and development. They are considered to be lesser important for getting knowledge of outside world and exposure to education and liberty. (6)Poverty as a Barrier In many poverty stricken families, children especially girls are considered as economic assets as they bring income for livelihood as well to save from economic crises due to death or incapacity of parents (sick/ handicapped/aged).Ineffective Law Enforcing MachineryIndian constitution and various legislations pertaining to education to children assure free and compulsory education all children of this nation but unfortunately the enforcement machinery fail to discharge its duties and responsibilities to the satisfaction of the public interest and welfare of women. Due to this wrong go acrossation of right policies also women of our country is getting severely affected. (5)Demographic FactorsThe high population growth rate, rapid urbanisation, migration etc also attribute immensely for the poor literacy level of women and girls in India. In these universal transition girl Childs and women are getting neglected, uncared and unheard. (5)Poor Political Will and Conviction Government officials, policy makers, politicians etc of our country have neither political leave nor conviction for the empowerment of women in general. The only think about their personal benefits and money making ignoring the welfare of the community for whom and by whom they have reached to that position. It is a very sad and disappointing aspect of Indias democracy. (5) gender discriminationIt still persists in India . Male are still dominating and commanding the social structure of the nation and lot more needs to be done to improve womens participation in this regard e.g. womens education. The gap in the male-female literacy rate is just a simple indicator. While the male literary rate is more than 75% according to the 2001 census, the female literacy rate is just 54.16%.Prevailing prejudices, low enrollment of girl child in the schools, engagements of girl children in domestic works and high drop out rate are major obstacles in the path of making all Indian women educated. (6)Poor AcademiaAnother reason for poor quality of women educationhere is the poor quality of teachers in governing body schools .Government schools are unable toattract good quality teachers due toinadequate teaching facilities and low salaries. The governing body currently spends only 3% of its GDP on educationwhich is inadequate and insufficient. Toimprovethe quality of education, the government needs tospend more money f rom its coffers on education. (4)Steps to improve their exponentiationA A significant development in recent years has been the mushrooming of community-based organizations and initiatives at the local level for women. Reports indicates that self-help programs, often in the form of savings and opinion or micro credit schemes, have succeeded in changing the lives of poor women, enhancing incomes and generating positive externalities such as increased self-esteem.Micro credit is about oft more than access to money. It is about women gaining control over the means to make a living. It is about women lifting themselves out of poverty and vulnerability. I is about women achieving economic and political empowerment within their homes, their villages, their countries. (5)In this whole paper we have discussed about women condition in India in terms of access to education, opportunity to learn and grow and problems in achieving the same and at last some of the measures to rectify the erro rs and making things happen.B-One more initiative taken by the government is the verifier system. Under the voucher system, parents are allowed tochoose a school for their children and they get full or partial reimbursement for the expenses from the government. But however, the voucher system has also a draw back because it ordain further aggravate the problem of poor quality of educationingovernment schools. Such a system will shift resources from government schools toprivate schools. This will worsen the situation of government schools which are already under-funded. Moreover, if the same amount given as vouchers can be used tobuild infrastructure inschools then the government can realize economies of scale. (6)C-The government of India has also felt the need to put in place an appropriate institutional mechanism to look after the Education Rights of Women and thus instituted the formulation of every last(predicate) India Womens Conference, content Womens Commission and State Womens Commission. At the same time government has approved special grants and allowances to NGOs working for the cause of women upliftment and social mobility. Self Help Groups have also been constituted at Panchayat level to provide a platform for the rural women to discuss issues such as family planning, child marriage, widow remarriage, Sati, domestic violence. Mother Teresas Women Universityhas greatly helped in the cause of women empowerment who received Noble Peace Prize for her genuine social work. (6)D -India is getting a great help from World Bankfor the betterment of women education and their empowerment in the country .It has approved funding for Andhra Pradesh Rural Poverty Reduction Programme (APRPRP) thus garnering international losefor the upliftment of women. Womens reservation Bill in the Lok Sabha has gained momentum with Govt. of India promising the reservation of one-third seats in Parliament for the women. (8)E -One of the recommendations of National Policy o n Education (1986) by the Government of India is to promote empowerment of women through the agency of education and it is considered to be a land mark in the approach to womens education of illiterate. The National Literacy Mission is another(prenominal) positive step towards eradication of illiteracy in the age group of 15-35 years. Women education has assumed special significance in the place setting of Indias planned development, as it is incorporated in every Five-year plans as the major programme for the development of women. Universalization of elementary education, enrolment and retention of girls in the schools, promotion of balwadies and crutches, fostering number of schools and colleges of arts , science, and professional for girls , Politechniques, girls hostels, multipurpose institutions and adult education programmes are some of the steps being taken by both central and state governments in India to boost-up womens education. (5)F Since the prevailing situation of p oor or less enrolment of girls in schools closes the doors for development and prosperity of future generation of women, concerted efforts moldiness be initiated jointly by the government, parents and civil society to achieve universal enrolment for girls without any compromise. The enrolment can be made even required for every girls by the government in the realm of compulsory education. (5)G -The Ministry of Education both at Centre and State level should work out strategic steps to stop firmly the ongoing high drop -outs among girls especially in rural, tribal and slums areas with the serious involvement of voluntary organisations in every locality to realize zero drop-out among girls. (7)H -The poverty stricken families can be identified through proper research and necessary poverty rilievo services be provided to strengthen the income thereby to enable the families to send their children to schools and colleges without much financial difficultiesI -Bonded Child labour and Ch ild labour practice must be abolished with strict administrative measures and the relieved children form bondage should be integratedinto schools with suitable defence social mechanism.J Appropriate steps should be taken by the educational authorities with the participation of communities in order to bring the girl children to the main stream of education and development at every level including family and community.K -The female child in every Indian family irrespective of socio-economic status should be moulded to overcome the challenges of inferiority subservience and domesticity which place sever limitations on her education and development. Every family irrespective its socio-cultural and economic background can take it a challenge to bring up their girl children as dignified man being with empowerment in physical , mental, economic and social dimensions of life. (7)L The Midday meal scheme and other educational supportive services like free text books, Note books , Fee unif orms , Free Bicycles, Free bus , scholarships Free bus pass and so on as done in the state of Tamil Nadu can be provided in all states and union territories to lift up the literacy level among girls. (6)M -As social evils like dowry, child marriage , caste system and other practices deprive rights of education for children belonging to poor and underprivileged families and communities, they should eliminated through well-designed packages of mass awareness programmes and social welfare measures with full support of public, political parties, NGOs and government agencies. (7)N -The electronic and print media can play significant role in building a good and positive attend about girls and women in general in the society by giving no focus for such advertisements and news fetching commercial gain at the cost of depicting women as an object. This would help in changing the society s attitudes towards girls and their roles to treat every girl or woman as piece being with self respect a nd dignity. (7)O -Government, voluntary sector and philanthropic organisations and individuals should come forward to provide free education for poor girls and provide free hostel facilities for girls studying in schools and colleges in every state of India. This will certainly encourage children of poor families to pursue good and higher education without much impediments. (6)P -The schools of social work, departments of women studies, Women Universities and other educational institutions in hand with NGOs and social service organisations such as Rotary Clubs , Lions Clubs , women lib organisations associations can work together to improve the educational status of the womenfolk in this country on mutual respect and understanding. (7)Q -The parents of children belonging to poor, underprivileged families must be specially educated with proper social formula to help them to understand the significance of education for their girl children as foundation for empowerment. (1)R -Governmen t, NGOs and public should work hand in hand to implement the minimum age at marriage (21and above) Awareness should be created to institutionalise it as a traditional practice cut acrossing castes, religions, community etc. (5)S Government officials, policy makers, political parties and others should have adequate political will and conviction to empower women in India without double standard mindT -The virtue enforcing machinery should be made really effective with efficient monitoring vigilant system to implement the constitutional and legislative provisions and administrative measures to assure free and compulsory education for all children of this nation without any gender discrimination. (7)Its true that there is great deal of requirement to uplift women education in India at the grass root level because majority of the female population live in the rural areas .They do not avail the basic things in their life and to get education is still a distant dream for them. However In dian government is coming up with various scheme in their fivesome year plan to make the situation healthy and encouraging for these women. In 1990s, grants from foreign donor agencies enabled the formation of new women-oriented NGOs(3). Self-help groups and NGOs such as Self employ WomenHYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEWAHYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEWAs Association (SEWA) have played a major role in womens rights in India. Many women have emerged as leaders of local movements. For example, Medha Patkar of the Narmada Bachao Andolan.Companies like NIIT Ltd. (2) has come up with the project called Affirmative Action where they are winning girls from the down trodden areas and training them about English language, basic computer knowledge and after that constituent them to get jobs in Retail, BPO ,Hospitality sectors. In this way the are educating them and by providing jobs women are getting empowered in taking decision, participating in family income and by fort une their kids to make the future bright and opportunity oriented. (2 , 3)There is no doubt about the fact that development of women has perpetually been the central focus of planning since Independence. sanction is a major step in this direction but it has to be seen in a relational context. A clear vision is needed to call in the obstacles to the path of womens emancipation both from the government and women themselves. Efforts should be directed towards all round development of each and every section of Indian women by giving them their due share.The status of women in India has been subject to many great changes over the past few millennia. From equal status with men in ancient times through the bad phases of the medieval period, to the promotion of equal rights by many reformers, the history of women in India has been on better track. In modern India, women have acquired high offices in India including that of the President, Prime minister, Speaker of the Lok Sabha, Leader o f Opposition, etc. The current President of India is a woman. (5)A review of governments various programmes for women empowerment such as Swashakti, Swayamsidha, Streeshakti, Balika samrudhi yojana and another two thousand projects reveal that little has been done or achieved through these programmes. The discrepancy in the ideology and practice of the empowerment policy of women in India constitutes its go on social, economic and social backwardness. Women make up 52% of our countrys population. Hence there can be no progress unless their needs and interests are fully met. Empowerment would not hold any meaning unless they are made strong, alert and aware of their equal status in the society. Policies should be framed to bring them into the mainstream of society. It is important to educate the women. The need of the hour is to improve female literacy as education holds the key to development. (2 , 3)There is no doubt about the fact that development of women has always been the cen tral focus of planning since Independence. Empowerment is a major step in this direction but it has to be seen in a relational context. A clear vision is needed to remove the obstacles to the path of womens emancipation both from the government and women themselves. Efforts should be directed towards all round development of each and every section of Indian women by giving them their due share.I believe with the likes of Pratibha Patil, Sonia Gandhi, Indra Nooyi, Chanda Kochar etc. bagging the top jobs, it would not be long when India would be boosting of its Gender Equality Index (GEI) and Gender Development Index (GDI).Lesser will be the social stigma of women exploitation which have haunted it for many years at rest(p) by.SummaryEmpowerment can be defined as the totality of the following or similar capabilitiesHaving decision-making power of their ownHaving access to information and resources for taking proper decisionHaving a range of options from which you can make choices (no t just yes/no, either/or.)Ability to exercise assertiveness collective decision makingHaving positive thinking on the ability to make changeAbility to learn skills for improving ones personal or group power.Ability to change others perceptions by representative means.Involving in the growth process and changes that is never ending and self-initiatedIncreasing ones positive self-image and overcoming stigmaConclusion From these discussions we can say that the most common explanation of womens empowerment is the ability to exercise full control over ones actions. The last decades have witnessed some basic changes in the status and role of women in our society. There has been shift in policy approaches from the concept of welfare in the seventies to development in the eighties and now to growth in the nineties and now trump card of empowerment. This process has been further accelerated with some sections of women becoming increasingly self-conscious of their discrimination in several areas of family and public life. They are also in a position to mobilize themselves on issues that can affect their overall position.

The Key of Reflexivity :: Ethnography Anthropology Essays

The Key of ReflexivityWhat gives me the right to judge? As a break downing anthropologist, what constitutes me the right to study Others and proclaim my intelligence of the studied is correct? Since the development of writing, authors have fell victim to their receive misconceptions of a studied group or culture. Even I, right now as I type away at this keyboard am judging and studying the works of other authors. Whether I take a critical or a supportive view of the writings is obsolete, what matters is how my personal life experiences as a studying anthropologist can lead to legitimate findings. Is this possible? Authors may take their own personal hang-ups of society and implement them into their writings. An example would be an angry painter asked to sketch a picture of a happy family seated in campaign of him. Is the picture accurate if the final creation portrays the family hugging each other but not smiling? Without reflexivity the author/painter will not know why his cre ation turned out the way it did. Anthropologists are similar to painters. Mainly because their pictures are text drawn with pens, pencils, or keyboards. However, self- reflexivity provides an cognisance that allows for personal reflection, aiding in the process of the understanding. It also emphasizes the point of theoretical and practical questioning changing the ethnographers view of themselves and their work.To understand how anthropologists can study a group of people successfully, we must first understand their rationale. Kondo states I felt every effort necessary in order to blend in and ward off being unmasked as a foreigner. (Pg., 76) As a foreigner she is admitting to being different than the people she is studying. However, by doing so she is conveying that psyche and thoughts are what bust people, not just their physical traits. I believe this will benefit Kondo in her studies. Realizing that her linguistic and cultural skills will help her to assimilate into the cu lture and study truly as a participant observer. A misconception may present itself while analyzing a case as diverse as Kondos. To conclude that a Japanese woman with American culture, can add perspective for both instances, would be immature. Rather, a Japanese woman with American culture can but provide a legitimate stance for a Japanese woman, raised in a American culture.Malinowski on the other hand feels as though studying every little detail will provide you with the necessary components for a good anthropologist to construct a sound and rational ethnography.

Report On Westside Gym :: Papers

Report On Westside Gym Introduction This report volition be research and development of a gym called Westside Health & Fitness Club. I will talk about the location of the gym, price per customer, offers, new ways to improve the gym, and research into what the customer wants. This report aims to use research and development to create innovative ideas that will set this gym away from otherwises in the area. Findings With regards to the location of the gym, the evidence suggests that the location is well placed, due to the easy accessibility of the facilities. It is as well as located next to a supermarket, so can be seen by many shoppers. Place is an essential tool of the marketing mix and if achieved a contrast can do extremely well for itself. Price is also an essential tool of the marketing mix. A survey showed that 81% thought that the price of the gym was fair for the quality of service that is received by the customers. The other 19% belie ved the price was too high but were willing to pay for the facilities. A good pricing strategy is a must for a business to succeed, too high and customers will go elsewhere for the service. Too low and the business may not make enough profit to succeed in the long term. Cost of Gym Membership Student Rate Adult Rate Joining Fee 40.00 50.00 Monthly payment 28.95 38.95 Pay As You Go 2.50 5.