Marketing Goods & Services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marketing Goods & Services - Essay Example Whereas Aldus consumers buy goods and services for a variety of reasons, which may include less tangible considerations of status, industrial buyers tend to be more concerned with the utility of the product in their own process, as well as its contribution to their costs. In this case, organizational buying is institutionalized and is often carried out by professionals using formalized procedures involving quotations and contracts and often as part of a close on-going relationship between buyer and seller. C. These issues are closely connected with the positioning of Aldus. Trying to penetrate in to two markets Aldus locates a brand in customers' minds over and against competitors in terms of attributes and benefits that the brand does and does not offer. For Aldus, positioning is used in conjunction with the segmentation variables and targeting strategies. Aldus, as a consumer goods company, engages in differentiated target marketing, offering a full range of brands within a given product category. Each product line is positioned slightly differently. Consumer and organizational markets need positioning by attribute or benefit, quality and price, use and user, and competitor. The case study shows that "Aldus became a multi-product and "multi-segment" company with the acquisition and distribution rights" (Aldus, Corporation, 2002). D. Behavior segmentation focuses on whether or not people buy and use a product, as well as how often, and how much they use or consume. Consumers can be categorized in terms of usage rates-for example, heavy, medium, light, and non-user. Consumers can also be segmented according to user status: potential users, non-users,... Marketing as an activity is carried out in a variety of contexts. The most obvious context is of course the sale of goods and services to end-users. The main assumption is that new forms of organization are required as a strategic response to the combined effects of market stagnation, technological change, increased uncertainty, and reductions in the working week. Two types of goods commonly result from a production system: services and products. Generally, products are physical goods, such as a personal computer, and services are abstract or nonphysical. Consumer and organizational markets has some differences, which is essential for successful marketing activity. Organizational marketing is a more useful term since it can accurately embrace any marketing exchange between two or more organizations (McDonald, Christopher, 2003). Organizations like Aldus engages in marketing when they sell finished goods to a variety of different sources. The problems connected with organizational buy er include comparatively low price of goods, long contracting, which, in some cases, does not meet the needs of changing economic environment and market conditions. Organizational buyers can reduce price competition involves businesses trying to undercut each other's prices; this will, in turn, be dependent upon their ability to reduce their costs of production. The desire of a group of managers for a larger market share for their products may result in a low price strategy to build up demand.

American Popular Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

American Popular Culture - Essay Example 2. How have popular culture trends and electronic media formulated your views regarding the following topics: social responsibility and civility; family obligations; the human body; justice, law, and order; sexual identity; friendship and love Popular (pop) culture is literally defined as the vernacular culture that prevails on any given society. â€Å"The content of popular culture is determined by the daily interactions, needs and desires, and cultural ‘moments’ that make up the everyday lives of the mainstream.† (â€Å"Wikipedia†, 2006). Culture is a way of defining oneself, and is accepted or regarded by each person in their own way, and yet mass media and mass culture also lets people define themselves in relation to everyone else in mass society. How Have Popular Culture Trends and Electronic Media Formulated Your Views Regarding the Following Topics: Social Responsibility and Civility; Family Obligations; The Human Body; Justice, law and Order; Sexual Identity; Friendship and Love? Popular culture trends are a significant part of all of our lives, and greatly affect the way we feel about ourselves, and about each other, on a daily basis. Whether or regardless of if we recognize it or not, popular culture reflects on us all in way or another. In regards to social responsibility and civility, I believe that due to the heightened propaganda status, or in other words the fact that the media is such a huge part of all of our day to day lives, our assumption and beliefs of what our personal social responsibilities should be have dropped somewhat. In the past, there was a certain aura of politeness and classiness if you will; characteristics which do not seem to be as evident in today’s world. When discussing how pop culture trends have formulated my views regarding family obligations; this is another subject that I would say relates highly to social responsibility and civility in a way. If we take

John Keats Romantic Escapist English Literature Essay

John Keats Romantic Escapist English Literature Essay Like all romantic poets, Keats seeks an escape in the past. His imagination is attracted by the  ancient Greeks  as well as by the glory and splendour ofMiddle Ages. He rarely devotes himself to the pressing problems of the present. Hyperion, Endymion and Lamia are all classical in theme, though romantic in style. Keats this finds an escape into the past from the oppressive realities of the present.   Also Keats themes are romantic in nature. Most of his  poetry  is devoted to the quest of beauty. Love, chivalry, adventure, pathos these are some of the themes of his poems. Another strain that runs through his poetry is the constant fear of death, which finds very beautiful expression in his sonnet, When I Have Fears. Another theme of his poetry is disappointment in love, which can be seen in La Belle Dam Sans Merci. Like all romantics, Keats loves nature and its varied charms. He transfigures everything into beauty that he touches with magic hand of chance. He says in Ode to Nightingale,   Tis not through envy of thy happy lot, But being too happy in thine happiness, Beauty is Keats religion and he is very romantic is his frank pursuit of beauty and in that pursuit of beauty, he completely forgets himself and the world around him.   The romantic quality in literature has been defined by Pater as, The addition of strangeness to the beauty. All sorts of poetry deals with beauty in one way or the other, but romantic poetry goes a step ahead and imparts strangeness to the beauty. Keats sees beauty in ordinary things of nature. Earth, to him, is a place of where beauty renews itself everyday, the sky is full of huge cloudy symbols of high romance. Keats loves beauty in the flower, in the stream and in the cloud but he loves it in each thing as a part of Universal Beauty, which is infinite the mighty abstract idea of Beauty. Thou was not born for death, immortal bird The song of the nightingale becomes a symbol of the universal spirit of beauty. The nightingale is, for Keats, the symbol of unlimited joy, infinite happiness and universal spirit of beauty. Pursuit of the unknown, the invisible and infinite inspires the creation of all the romantic poetry of the world. Last but not least, both in terms of diction and metres, Keats poetic style is romantic. Though it has classical finish, it possesses that romantic tough of suggestiveness by which more is meant than meets the ear. Keats has employed various kinds of metres and stanzaforms in his poetic work. He is one of the greatest sonneteers in  English language  and his Odes with their musical flow in long stanzas, stand as unique specimen of romantic poetry. Keats was true romantic poet, because his attention was not only beauty but also truth. He saw beauty in truth and truth in beauty. Beauty is truth, truth beauty, that is all Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know. He persistently endeavoured to reconcile the world of imagination with the world of reality. Therefore, Middleton Murray calls Keats a true romantic. A pure poet feels and expresses his joy in beauty, but when he feels this joy, he realizes also a new aspect of beauty, which is truth. In this identity of beauty and truth, lies the harmony of universe. Keats realizes this harmony when he says that truth and beauty are the same thing. Wordsworth and Shelley both had theories but Keats has none. We cannot accuse Keats of any withdrawal or refusal; he was merely about his business and his business was that of a pure poet. (T. S. Eliot) For Keats, the necessary quality of poetry is submission to the things as they are, without any effort to intellectualize them into something else. Keats often says that the poet must not live for himself, but must feel for others, and must do good, but he must do so by being a poet, not by being a teacher or moralist. There is no didacticism in Keats as there is in Wordsworth. He delivers what he sees; the pleasures of seeing nature and beauty. Where are the songs of Spring? Ay, where are they? Think not of them, thou hast thy music too. At one time he regrets about the songs of Spring and but then he sees the beauties of Autumn and involves himself in them. He instantly forgets the pain of losing songs of Spring and starts admiring Autumn.   The idea of  French revolution  had awakened the youthful passions of both Wordsworth and Coleridge; they had stirred the wrath of Scott; they had worked like yeast on Byron. They had brought forth new matters for Shelley who re-moulded them and turned them into prophecy of the future. There was only one poet, Keats, of that age who they could not affect in any way whatsoever. Keats was so preoccupied with beauty that he turned a blind eye to the actualities of life around him. (Stopeford Brooke) It is true that Keats poetry does not express the revolutionary ideas of his age, but Keats was a pure who expressed in his poetry the most worth while part of himself and it was his vision of beauty, which was also truth to him. If his aim was to pursue beauty, which was also truth to him, he cannot be called an escapist, for in pursuing beauty, he pursued truth.   The poetry of Keats shows a gradual process of development. His earlier experiments in verse are products of youthful imagination, immature and overcharged with imagery. The young poet has abnormal sensibility, but lacks experience of life. Endymion opens with the famous line A thing of beauty is a joy forever, it is full of glorious promise but it is lost in shadows and uncertainties, because it is not based upon experiences of life. In the Odes, Keats poetry assumes a deeper tone. There he faces the sorrows and sufferings of life. He would wish for a life of joy and happiness, like that of nightingale. Fade far away, and quite forget What thou amongst the leaves hast never known, The weariness, the fever, and the fret, There, where men sit and hear each other groan; (Ode to Nightingale) Thus he longed to escape from realities of life, but it was a passing mood that seized him when he was contrasting the lot of man with that of the nightingale. Sorrows and sufferings are inevitable in life and he fully realized that escape from realities of life was neither possible nor desirable. In Hyperion, he wrote: None can usurp the height à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. But those to whom miseries of the world Are miseries, and will not let them rest. In a sonnet, he says: How fevered that man who cannot look Upon his mortal days with temperate blood. Keats was trying to attain serenity of mood in the midst of all the sufferings which he was undergoing in his own life and which he saw all around him. This mood of serenity is expressed in Ode to Autumn, which accordingly to Middleton Murray, The perfect and unforced utterance of the truth contained in the magic words (of Shakespeare): Ripeness is all. For Keats, earlier hankering for the world of Flora and Pan for unreflecting enjoyment of sensuous delights is past; he now subjected himself persistently and unflinchingly to life. He faced life with all uncertainties and contradictions, its sorrows and joys. The lines Where beauty cannot keep her lustrous eyes, Or new love pine at them beyond tomorrow. (Ode to Nightingale) are thrilled with aching hopelessness. In Ode to Melancholy, he says, dwells with beauty beauty that must die Melancholy arises from transience of joy and joy is transient by its nature. Therefore Keats accepts life as a whole with its joys and beauty as well as its sorrows and despair. To quote the words of Middleton Murray about Ode on a Grecian Urn, These lines contain deep wisdom purchase at the full price of deep suffering. They are symbol and prophecy of a comprehension of human life to which mankind can attain. Keats study of Lemprieres Classical Dictionary fully acquainted him with the Greek mythology; and he loved every bit of it, and freely used it in his poetry. The stories of Endymion, Lamia and Hyperion, are based upon Greek legends. In his Ode to Psyche and  Ode on a Grecian Urn, the subjects are Greek, and the poet while expressing his passion for beauty transports himself in his imagination to the days of ancient Greeks. But the most important factor is Keats Hellenism was his own Greek temper the inborn temperamental Greekness of his mind. The power of seeing things with a childs amazement and forgetfulness was the temper of Keats, as it was the temper of Greeks i.e.; half-worship added half-joy. The instinctive Greekness of Keats mind lies in his passionate pursuit of beauty, which is the very soul of his poetry. His passion for beauty finds a concrete expression in his Ode to Psyche: Yes, I will be thy priest and buld a fane In some untrodden regions of my mind, Where branched thoughts, new grown with pleasant pain Instead of pine shall murmur in the wind. The Greek did not burden their poetry with philosophy or spiritual message. Their poetry was incarnation of beauty, and existed for itself. Similarly, Keats was pure poet. He enjoyed unalloyed pleasure in nature, which for him, did not carry any philosophical or spiritual message. Concluding it, Keats, possesses the qualities of romantic and pure poet he loves nature, which is seen by him with Greek temper. He never thinks about past and future and his only concern is the present time; the present moment of beauty and truth. In his early poetry, one can perceive him as an escapist because there was joy and delight and overcharged imagination because of inexperience youth. But with gradual development of thought and experience, he comes to the conclusion that sorrows and joys are always together; rose cannot be taken without its thrones. One can clearly sees in his Odes that he is not an escapist but he is accepting the realities of life. There is something of the innermost soul of poetry in almost everything he wrote. (Tennyson)

The Robber Bride :: essays research papers

Depending on how you look at Margaret Atwood's The Robber Bride, Timson calls it an 'upmarket melodrama'; whereas Martin refers to it as a novel 'confronting politically correct feminism';. The truth is it isn't either of these. While some of the situations are greatly exaggerated, this book comments on the way that women interact with each other on a day-to-day basis. Atwood tells the story of three women, and how they are drawn together because they have all been double-crossed by a mutual female friend, Zenia. These characters seem so real that in some cases they are reminiscent of actual acquaintances. The male characters in The Robber Bride, however, are dull and lifeless. We never get to know any of them in great detail. On the other hand, Atwood does a wonderful job of describing the setting, which really allows the reader become more involved in the story. The main message in this novel is that women have drastically different relationships with each other than they do with men. Not being a woman myself makes it difficult for me to determine if this message is true, but nonetheless, Atwood does have a lot to say about the way females deal with each other. The character Roz constantly runs into problems in the business world. 'It's complicated, being a woman boss. Women don't look at you and think Boss. They look at you and think Woman, as in Just another one, like me, and where does she get off?'; The female characters do not 'come across as more emblematic than real.'; as Timson suggests. Charis decides how her day is going to be by swinging a crystal above her head. This behavior reminds me of an acquaintance who once tried to lecture me on the power of 'crystal vibrations'. This may be because Atwood's characters are stereotypes and everyone is bound to know someone like them. However, this realism provides common ground between the reader and the novel, which makes it easier to read. As Male characters in The Robber Bride are very poor and have absolutely no depth. Or as Timson put it '…and male characters who, it can be argued, are uniformly portrayed as so hapless, brutal or pathetic you could forgive them for forming a support group, leaping off the page and tearing the author from limb to limb.'; Their only purpose is to serve as vehicles for the female characters to injure each other. For instance, West barely ever speaks and Tony treats him like a baby, sheltering him from everything and everyone. She believes that it is her job to protect him, and this comes from Zenia almost taking him from

Concussions: Traumatic Brain Injury and Moderate Concussion

Concussions A concussion is a clinical syndrome of traumatic brain injury (TBI) also referred to as mild brain injury (MBI), is characterized by immediate but transient posttraumatic impairment of the brain function. Mental confusion, alteration of mental status, and amnesia are hallmarks of concussion symptoms that may or may not also include the loss of consciousness. It temporarily interferes with the way your brain works, and it can affect memory, judgment, reflexes, speech, balance, coordination, and sleep patterns.A concussion may result when the head hits an object or a moving object strikes the head. A concussion can result from a fall, sports activities, and car accidents. Significant movement of the brain can cause you to lose alertness. How long you remain unconscious may be a sign of the severity of the concussion. However, you don't always involve a loss of consciousness. Most people who have a concussion never black out. You can have a concussion and not realize it. The re are three grades to scale a concussions severity.Grade 1 is considered a mild concussion that has no loss of consciousness; posttraumatic amnesia lasting less than thirty minutes. Post concussion signs and symptoms other than amnesia lasting less than twenty-four hours. Grade 2 is a moderate concussion, loss of consciousness lasting less than one minute. Posttraumatic amnesia lasting longer than thirty minutes but less than twenty-four hours: postconcussion signs and symptoms lasting longer than twenty-four hours but less than seven days.Grade 3 is a severe concussion, which consist of loss of consciousness lasting more than one minute or posttraumatic amnesia lasting longer than twenty-four hours. The postconcussion signs and symptoms will last longer than seven days. There are several things a doctor can do to test an athlete or a patient for a concussion. The doctor will perform a physical exam and check your nervous system. There may be changes in your pupil size, thinking ab ility, coordination, and reflexes.Tests that may be performed include: EEG  which is a brain wave test it may be needed if seizures continue, head CT  scan, and MRI of the head. Many signs that a doctor can look for are altered levels of consciousness such as drowsy, hard to arouse, or similar changes, confusion or feeling spacey, headache, loss of consciousness, memory loss such as events before the injury or immediately after, nausea or vomiting, seeing flashing lights, and feeling like you have â€Å"lost time†.If the concussion occurred during a sporting event and resulted in a headache, confusion, or change in alertness, a trained person must determine when that person can return to playing sports. Healing or recovering from a concussion takes time. It may take days, weeks, or even months. You may be irritable, have trouble concentrating, unable to remember things, headaches, dizziness, and blurry vision. These problems will probably go away slowly. You may want to g et help from family or friends before making important decisions.There is a testing that is call ImPACT testing that you test each athlete before physical activity. ImPact stands for Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing. Then in the case of a concussion they can take the athletes after and retest them on their memory skills. ImPACT provides computerized neurocognitive assessment tools and services that are used by medical doctors, psychologists, athletic trainers and other licensed healthcare professionals to assist them in determining an athlete’s ability to return to play after suffering a concussion.

Autobiographical Fiction

In the beginning the official said, let the stadium lights come on, and they came on. The football players came onto the field, and they saw the light was good. Other teams started to show up and practice on the battle ground, otherwise known as the â€Å"playing field. † Fans shouted, and cheerleaders went on about their playful acts. Parents, brothers, sisters, and close friends all piled into the stands to see the game of the year. The official stepped out onto the moist grass at Manchester United Stadium in Manchester, England. The time was 7. 45pm on a Saturday night. He paused for a moment, looked at his stopwatch, and blew his whistle. Gigantic muscular men came from out of nowhere as the fans began to cheer, waving various flags, scarfs and t-shirts The players ran out to the middle of the stadium. A feel of hatred and resentment came about in the air. The crowd came unglued from their seats. The sounds of various noisemakers filled the air once again. Parents and grandparents alike came to their feet in the stands. Cars stopped on the street in front of the stadium, as they honked their horns, and cheered for their team of choice. As the two burly men stood in the middle of the field, many thoughts ran through their heads. They both knew someone was going to lose, but defeat was out of the question. The official tossed a silver coin into the air. The coin hit the wet grass with a shiny face of Queen Elizabeth clearly showing. The home team will kick off. Both anger infested players shook hands and ran back to their half. The fans began to cheer as the players took the field again. Little did the fans know of how the players practiced all week long. Burnage had a very intense practice, while Didsbury slacked off, and took an easy week, since their opponent was not that good of a team. The kick-off approached for both teams, almost instantaneously. Memories of past football games, and practices were rushing through our heads. The time clock read 8:00pm. Suddenly, a whistle blew, and the brown bundle of pigskin went flying into the air. Running to the ball, one of the Burnage players quickly got the football, stepped left, then to the right as he attempted to get past the opponents. Soon after, the player was tackled down by a pack of Didsbury players, and the referee gave the ball to one of the Burnage players. I had been waiting for this moment all of my life. The match of the year in Manchester was about to begin. Burnage have lost 14 years straight to Didsbury. Managers only daydreamed of beating the undefeated Didsbury team. As referee called for the play, I smiled with joy. The first play of the game was to me. I played at the defence, so I was going to run the ball. First play, up the middle of the field, I ran for a fifteen yard gain. The next play was to one of my fellow team mates, which he also ran for another large gain of 26 yards. I could not believe my eyes. After all these years, the game was finally here. We, as a team, were slowly tearing apart the Didsbury defence. Our offence was dominating the ball, and they could not stop our players. After 20 minutes Burnage took the lead to make the score 1-0. Straight after the lead it came as a shock to our team. We were starting to get tired, and make little mistakes that cost us to let Didsbury have a free kick. One of our defenders was not defending in the right place, and that lead to one of the didsbury player to strike the ball in an uncovered area to score a goal. We all hung our heads as Didsbury celebrated their goal, and taunted our players. As we approached to our half of the field, the manager had a few words of his own to share with our team. â€Å"Listen up here boys, it ain't over yet. If you give up now, you are going to lose. That is the sport of football. If you give up, you lose. † I was not going to let my 4 years of previous football experience go to waste, just because I was tired. We as a team knew our manager was serious, as a tiny tear drop formed in the corner of his eye. Half time came about, as we all headed to the locker room for a sip of cool water, and a long speech was made by the managers. To my surprise, our manager was very calm with us as he drew out plays with piece of white chalk on the board. The manager mainly concentrated on how to overcome the Didsbury defence. As I sat there in the locker room, I knew what I had to do. I knew that the team was depending on my skills. Visions of victory ran through my head. I visualized the opponent as a measly bowling pin, and myself as the bowling ball. My imagination started to run wild. As I felt the adrenaline running through my veins, my body started to tremble with anger. I thought to myself, â€Å"They really do think we can't win, and I have to prove them wrong. † The half time is over and the players stroll on to the battle ground with a feeling of fierce hatred. With anger and rage in my eyes, I was ready. I was a true lean, mean, defending machine. Nothing was going to get in my way. My head steamed a white smoke. The weather slowly began to get colder a cold front moved in. The sky, covered with clouds, grumbled at us as we called our plays, and ran them. Just 30 minutes were now left on the clock; both teams were overcome with fatigue. The score remained at 1-1 The weather began to get cold, and small droplets of water started to fall from the ocean like sky. I felt the nervousness of the crowd, as the clanging of the cow bells from the crowd came to a halt. Managers paced back and forth, as we headed into the last 15 minutes. Each team got two possessions on offense. Neither team had the strength to penetrate the defence. Now only 3 minutes remained on the time clock. The weather took over the game, pouring down with rain from the black sky. All the players stopped to visualize whether play will continue or not. The play wasn't called off in the huddle so the players engaged into the game again. The play consisted of me running to the right, and the left-back defender was going to toss the ball to me. As I took off to the right side of the field, I suddenly felt a burst of energy. My bones felt relaxed, and my muscles replenished. The left back defender tossed me the ball, and I ran frantically down the playing field strolling through the Didsbury defence. I couldn't believe my eyes, as I viewed the target made for me to run through. Fifteen yards down the field, I met up with one of my old friends who was Didsbury's centre back defender and my opponent. He slipped and fell in his attempt to tackle me. The perfect opportunity had come to strike the ball in to the net. So I did and scored! I smiled with joy. The crowd went wild, popcorn spilled onto the wet ground. Cow bells once again sounded as the raindrops still poured down. I will never forget that moment of my life. Shortly after, the referee blew the final whistle. Burnage went on to beat Didsbury! I could see it now on the front page of the town news paper: â€Å"Burnage demolishes Disbury for the first time in 14 years! † We finally beat the best team in the city. As we celebrated, and jumped around on the soggy grass, a tear came to my eye. It was all hitting me now. I finally achieved the goal of my life! I could not control the tremendous smirk on my face. As I watched the manager from the opposing team cry in agony, I thought to myself, â€Å"That must be what they call the agony of defeat. † I knew that the moment of my life I had long waited for, was gone. Only memories are left in my mind, and I cherish every single one of them.

Multiple Scleross essays

Multiple Scleross essays Multiple sclerosis, often known as MS, affects many people worldwide. Multiple sclerosis is a disease that affects movement, sensation and bodily functions. MS is a nerve disorder caused by the destruction of the insulating layer surrounding neurons in the brain and spinal cord (Polman 48). When this occurs the nerve endings cannot be sent as quickly and efficiently. The symptoms of MS occur when the brain and spinal cord nerves no longer communicate properly with other parts of the body (Gleason 93). Multiple sclerosis can affect many things, such as vision, balance, strength, sensation, coordination and bodily functions. The main cause for multiple sclerosis is yet to be known. If someone in your family already is affected with MS, you are at more of a risk to develop this type of disease. Most people will see their first symptoms between the ages of 20 to 40 and symptoms will rarely be seen before 15 or after 60 (OConnor 9). Studies have shown that one in a thousand people have MS. That is only 0.1 percent (Carrol 148). Multiple sclerosis is more common in Canada and Northern Europe. If you were to have MS and then have a child, your child would have a high risk of getting the disease. Multiple sclerosis can happen to both men and women, but is twice as likely to happen to a woman (Gleason 108). The amount of time a person may have MS varies between each person. A woman who has MS will still be able to have children. Many women report that their MS symptoms are much improved during pregnancy and that they often feel much better than they did previously (Rosner 61). MS can cause symptoms in any body system, which is driven by myelinated areas of the central nervous system which control things like motor impulses, sensory signals, coordination and balance (Kalb 92). Multiple sclerosis can also affect someones vision, cause fatigue and cause sexual dysfunction. A person who has multiple sclerosis tends to get very f...

Tiziano de Cadore essays

Tiziano de Cadore essays In Vasari's Lives of the Artists, Vasari offers us a fairly in-depth portrait of Tiziano de Cadore (most commonly and hereafter to be referred to as "Titian") both as one of the great painters of the Renaissance and as a truly great and beneficent individual. Indeed, the portrait of Titian that Vasari offers is one of a prodigiously and suprememly talented youth whose early painting went through a series of exceptionally dramatic although always impressive shifts. Indeed, many of these changes were due to his alternation tutelage, as well as the fact that, hailing from Venice, he was not initially in contact with the changes in painting then going on in Rome. Specifically, Early works of Titian betray a general ignorance of the resurgent classicism and historical study of painting then occurring in Rome, but with the arrival of some Roman-schooled painters, he adapted his style to be more in tune with the Roman one, while retaining much of the vigor and energy of the Venetian painting of his youth. Titian later traveled to Rome and found much success there, but he ultimately returned again to Venice. Indeed, his style changed yet again as he aged, but these changes only reflected Titian's amazing strength and versatility as a painter and revealed the very elements of his style and sensibilities that make us remember him even today, hundreds of years after his death. Indeed, much of the mystique surrounding Titian can be derived from his own enormous individual talent. Even as a young child he should an enormous interest in a and talent for painting, and it was these factors that convinced his father to apprentice him with the great northern painter He, seeing that the boy was much inclined to painting, put him with the famous painter Gian Bellini, under whose discipline he studied drawing, and showed himself in a short time to be endowed by nature ...

5 Reasons for Leaving a Job and How to Deal Once You Go

5 Reasons for Leaving a Job and How to Deal Once You Go Gone are the days when you’d start your career as an eager young entry-level employee at a company, then flash-forward to your retirement party at the same company, after rising through the ranks (and the various hairstyle and wardrobe changes). It used to be fairly common to commit to a company for the duration of your career, leaving a job only for life changes or unexpected events (getting fired or laid off). These days, the average worker holds ten different jobs before turning 40 years old. Ten! That’s a lot of jobs, and a lot of transition. Now, you’re not obligated to have that many different jobs, and if you are willing and able to move from intern to manager to CEO at Widget Corp, go for it! For most of us, it’s not really an option. Economic circumstances change, or there’s not enough room for growth. You meet that awesome someone, who just happens to be moving across the country for his or her own job, and wants you to come with.Everyoneà ¢â‚¬â„¢s career path is a little different (and thank goodness for that- we can’t all be web designers or interpretive dance choreographers), so the reasons for leaving are as varied as we are. Let’s look at some of the most common, valid reasons for leaving your current job, and how to make the transition from one to the next.1.   You hate your job/boss/company2.  You want better work-life balance3.  You never planned to be in  it  forever4. You don’t make enough money5.  The decision was made for you1. Leaving a job because you hate your job/boss/company.Sometimes relationships just don’t work out. It’s not necessarily anyone’s fault (okay, we all secretly know it’s their fault), but sometimes a job just isn’t a good fit for you. If you find that your work days are more defined by conflict and unhappiness than by productivity, then yeah, it’s time to start putting out feelers for a new opportunity.How to de al with this: Your next employer wants to know why you left, and also that you’re a reliable bet. If you go into an interview talking smack about your previous place of employment, the interviewer will think, â€Å"hmm, is that how he’s going to talk about us in a year?† So when you’re asked why you left, emphasize that it wasn’t a good fit. Be specific, but gracious:â€Å"I enjoyed many aspects of my job, and I learned a lot of great leadership skills there, but ultimately I see myself as a manager, and there just wasn’t enough room for growth there.†2.Leaving a job because  you want better work-life balance.If you’re working 80 hours a week, but want to carve out more time for your family and fly-fishing hobby, it may be time to start looking elsewhere. If you talk to your boss and there aren’t ways to make your position flexible enough for your priorities (work-from-home arrangements, flex time off, different work h ours), then you’re just going to get more and more frustrated in your current role.How to deal with this: This can be a tricky area in a job interview- potential employers aren’t allowed to ask you about family status, health problems, or many personal issues. If you’re looking for a more flexible job because you and your partner want to have a baby soon, you don’t have to be explicit about the reasons why you might not want to be on call days, nights, and weekends anymore. You can just leave it as a general personal decision:â€Å"I loved my job as the Parks Director, but in the next phase of my career I want to find a position where I can grow while also having a more healthy work-life balance. This company appeals to me because I know you’re committed to helping employees find that balance.†3. Leaving a job because you never planned to be in  it  forever.You take a job because you’re looking for something in the interim, or to pay the bills while you finish school to pursue your dream career as a circus clown. Whatever the case may be, it’s possible you never intended this job to be your career-defining role. If that’s the case, there’s an expiration date looming, whether you’ve set a specific timeline or not. If that end date is approaching, then it’s time to get out gracefully.How to deal with this: You don’t want to look like someone who bolts when things get tough, or when a shiny new opportunity comes along. Make sure you emphasize your long-term goals, without saying (in so many words) that you weren’t interested in the job long-term:â€Å"I saw my last position as a great growth area, where I could improve my skills and get experience, but now it’s time to move on to my longer term goals, like [X].†4. Leaving a job because you don’t make enough money.This is a perennial favorite among people who leave jobs for other opportunities . Money is one of the most basic facts of our lives, and if you aren’t making enough at a certain level, or are clearly being paid beneath what you’re worth, it’s not likely that this is an issue that will just resolve itself. If you’ve already done your research to figure out what your job is worth for someone at your skill level and level of experience, have tried to parlay that into a raise, and have been underwhelmed by your company’s response- it’s valid to use that as your excuse for leaving.How to deal with this: Money issues require every bit of diplomacy at your disposal. To your soon-to-be-former boss/company, it’s important not to be bratty about the reason you’re leaving. If you’ve been asked in an interview for a new job about why you left your last one, bringing up money can be a minefield. It could put you at a disadvantage for later negotiations, or could price you right out of the job offer if they think you’re expecting six figures and a Ferrari when they’re offering five figures and a discounted Zipcar membership. Be firm about your commitment to moving up in the world, but non-specific about the financial aspect of it:â€Å"At this point in my career, I’m looking for the kind of growth that Former Co. couldn’t offer in my previous role.† Or if you’re talking to Former Co., be honest: â€Å"Based on my role in the company and my achievements here, I was hoping my compensation could be adjusted accordingly. Since we’ve discussed this and those resources aren’t available, it’s time for me to pursue other opportunities. I really appreciate my time here, but it’s time for me to move on.†5. Leaving a job because the decision was made for you.Being ushered out the door is a pretty ironclad reason to leave your job. It might not even have gotten to that point yet, but you can read the writing on the wall. If yo u’re being elbowed out of your job for whatever reason, the spin you put on it is especially important as you look for your next job.How to deal with this: If you’re dreading the â€Å"why did you leave?† question in an upcoming job interview, start working the spin. Don’t lie, especially if you were fired for a reason that will come up in a background check, or if the interviewer happens to be college roommates with your old boss (it’s a small world after all, trust me on this). Frame it as a learning experience, and emphasize that you’ve taken what you could from the situation, and are actively addressing it as part of your future:â€Å"My last position wasn’t a good fit, and I learned hard lessons about how to approach situations. I made some mistakes in judgment that I strive to overcome every day, and I know that my experience and skills are the stronger for my ongoing efforts.†Whatever your reason is for leaving your curr ent job, it’s so important to make sure that your exit is a classy one. Always keep the tone gracious, no matter how ticked off you may be, or how many grudges you’re holding about your workload, your treatment, your boss, the terrible coffee in the break room. Be as honest as you can about your reasons for leaving (without making yourself look bad, or letting a snide or angry tone get the best of you), because you likely have genuine feedback that the company can use in recruiting your replacement, or making personnel decisions in the future.Plus, as I mentioned, most industries are very small worlds- you never know who might hear about your exit, or who might know someone who knows someone who used to work with you. It’s in your best interest to make sure that your reasons for leaving are clear, backed up with specific information, and let go as water under the bridge as you get ready for your new job offer, or your job search. No bridge is more useful when it ’s burned, so it’s important for your reputation (and your own sanity) to keep everything clear and professional.

History of pubilc procurement Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

History of pubilc procurement - Term Paper Example It is also considered as the main element in the way public funds are utilized, hence enhancing public trust in procurement (Beth & OECD 19). Public procurement has been in existence since 1778 and has led to the implementation of public procurement law, which regulates the purchasing made by public sectors that contract goods, services and work. Public procurement is regulated in most countries to avoid corruption, fraud, and waste; indeed, public tenders are issued by a public authority when the value of procurement exceeds the required threshold. Today, public procurement is becoming more complex, forcing the public procurement officials to deal with the changing issues based on fairness, transparency, integrity, and equity, which are the principles of public procurement (Beth & OECD 18). The History of Public Procurement According to Thai (13), the first purchasing action was conducted in 1778, with the approval of the continental congress on the appointment of purchasing commiss ionaires. By the end of that year, the purchasing officers had been placed on a salary, with an aim of avoiding fraud. The congress thereafter passed a Purchasing Act, which permitted war and treasury departments to make purchases in the name of the United States. The first procurement was made in 1794 for the new United States navy; however, this procurement was accompanied by negative experiences, which led to the implementation of purveyor of Public Supplies Act, a procurement legislation that was the basis for military procurement. Misconducts and fraud cases led to the implementation of Public Contract Act of 1808, which warned members of the congress from using government contracts for personal interest (Thai 13). In the United States, public procurement organizations vary with the size of the government units; however, it has a complicated procurement structure. The federal procurement operates within a democratic framework, which is under the legislative, judiciary, and exec utive branches. Nevertheless, the courts are not involved in setting procurement policies and rules; however, they try the legal cases that involve contract disputes. The congress passes the laws that establish procurement policies and procedures; it also allocates specified funds for the procurement purposes within the time required (Thai 19). Public procurement also encounters several challenges. This function has a great impact on the country’s economy; hence, efficient handling of public procurement has proved to be a challenge. Ensuring that the principles of public procurement are followed to the later is also a challenging task. This includes ensuring that fair competition for the bidders is granted, promoting transparency, and ensuring that the allocated loans are used for the specified purposes only. Thirdly, public procurement is associated with fraud, waste, and corruption, hence a major challenge for a country. In addition, public procurement practitioners face th e challenge of complying with their home government regulations without violating the international trade agreements like the World Trade Organization (WTO). Today, the government has enacted several laws pertaining to public procurement, among them being the Public Act whose aim is to enact laws relating to public contracts. An example is the federal acquisition regulation and agency, which provides uniform procedures for federal agency acquisitions. The Truth in Negotiation Act of 1962 establishes rules that

Dred Scott Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dred Scott - Essay Example In 1836, Emerson moved to Wisconsin which is now Minnesota where again slavery was prohibited under the Missouri Compromise. During their stay at Fort Snelling, Emerson acquired a slave Harriet Robinson which Emerson married. In 1843, Emerson died and his widow hired Scott out an army action when Scott first sought freedom for himself and his wife. He first attempted to buy his freedom from Mrs. Emerson for $300 but was declined. After the refusal, Scott turned to the courts for his freedom. The trial begun in June of 1847. He lost because he could not prove that he and his wife Harriet were owned by Mrs. Emerson. He then sought for retrial in 1850 at St. Louis circuit court which ruled that Scott and his wife were free. This decision however was overturned after two years when the Missouri Supreme Court reversed the decision of the lower court. Scott then elevated the case to a federal court, the United States Circuit Court in Missouri. Unfortunately, the court upheld the Missouri Supreme Court decision. Dred Scott now has to make his last appeal at the United States Supreme Court.   The majority of the justices however were pro-slavery being appointed by Presidents from the South where five came from slave-holding families. The main argument at the Supreme Court was whether Scott’s was indeed a citizen. The United States Supreme Court ruled in March of 1857 by Chief Justice Robert B. Taney who wrote also the decision of the court. The decision stated that since Dred was of African descent, a Negro, he was therefore not a citizen of the United States and it follows that he has no right to seek redress to the court for his freedom. At the same time, the decision also declared the Missouri Compromise of 1820which prohibited slavery in selected states to be unconstitutional. The Supreme Court decision was received with mix reactions.

The freedom I value most. is the freedom of speech Essay

The freedom I value most. is the freedom of speech - Essay Example It is through the freedom of speech that tyrannical leaders who defy and maltreat their subjects are brought to account. In addition, freedom of speech is such an important human right in that it provides an avenue for business transactions. Freedom of speech has also enabled individuals negotiate and seek for peace in cases of misunderstanding among parties. Moreover, freedom of speech provides a favorable channel through which citizens of particular countries participate in decision making and ensure continued existence of democracy within their societies (Allport 14). Freedom of speech has been integral in shaping global politics as journalists use it as a tool to unravel hidden or corrupt activities of politicians (Kenneth 5). Freedom of speech has also assisted in the efforts to reduce corruption and discrimination within various societies. Additionally, freedom of speech has led to the development of equality across all genders as the interested parties are free to air their views and follow up to the achievement of the missions. In conclusion, the freedom of speech is the mother and foundation of all rights enjoyed by human beings. It is the foundation of every development in various spheres of life from political, social and cultural spectrums. Freedom of speech is the main liberator of human kind. It is also the factor of evolution and revolutions currently witnessed in parts of the world where human free will is

The electric car , Practicalities and Prospects Essay

The electric car , Practicalities and Prospects - Essay Example In the context of this reality some of the states in the U.S. have passed laws requiring that a minimum percentage of sales made must be zero emission vehicles. Although the law does not explicitly mention electric car, they are the most feasible alternative as of now (Lave, 2005). Also, helping the case for electric cars are chemicals such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds are extremely hazardous to humans as well as the ecosystems they live in. Several studies have shown that the exhaust gases released by petroleum run cars are the contributor to this pollution. This pollution has no small part to play in the general increase in temperatures across the world, also called â€Å"global warming†. At this juncture the introduction of electric cars in the market is not only a good business opportunity but a better alternative for humans and their environments alike. In this respect, the prospects are quite good for electric cars in the near future, until a better technology replaces it (Newbery, 2001). On the flip side generating electricity for recharging batteries can lead to significant harm to the environment. A transition to electric cars, as made compulsory already in some parts of the world, is proven to be no more environment friendly than cars that run on low-emission petrol. Factories making lead-acid batteries would release higher levels of toxic lead. Low-toxicity batteries on the other hand are not yet suited for mass manufacture (Ochoa, 1997). The possible dangers of rechargeable batteries are illustrated in the following passage: â€Å"For vehicles that are to be mass produced in the future, lead-acid batteries are likely to be the only practical technology. Smelting and recycling the lead for these batteries will result in substantial releases of lead to the environment. Lead is a neurotoxin,

Arbitrage Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Arbitrage - Research Paper Example In this case, the call price is $1.15 while the put price is $0.55. The stock price of the company does not pay any dividends. This shows that an arbitrage position does not exist for the firm. This is because the difference between the two prices is fairly small and the company already has the stocks at the exercise price (Chen, 2005). The time of expiry is only 60 days and the stocks can perform better than if they were sold for immediate profits by the company. It would therefore get a loss in the long term if arbitrage is exercised. The annual interest rate receivable by the company is a factor in calculating the value of the stock and given that it is 12% then the possibility of receiving prices above this when arbitrage is used is quite minimal. There are other costs that are involved when making a call such as the brokerage fees and taxes on capital gains, it is simpler to hold onto the shares and

How a Shorter Working Week Can Help to Keep the Quality of Services Essay

How a Shorter Working Week Can Help to Keep the Quality of Services Intact - Essay Example Based on this research mullins points out that we live in an organisational world where different types of organisations are a necessary part of the society and serve many important needs. This statement appear just as true as the one that all tiers of the present-day society’s structure are more or less regularly shaken by multiple global financial and economic crises – the latest of which is still ongoing, with yet unknown precise dimensions and tail end. Therefore, each and every organisation – whether in the public or private sector – is subjected to the consequences of these crises, with certain implications for the organisation’s modus operandi, operational capabilities, and, above all, the individuals who work for, and depend on, the organisation in question. In order to better understand how our organisation would successfully perform its functions under the above-mentioned circumstances, a few conceptions need to be reviewed. On the one han d all organisations are made of individual members, where the individual is a central feature and necessary constituent part of any organisation’s behavioural situation, whether acting in response to expectations of the organisation, or as a result of influences of the external environment. Individuals and groups interact within the formal structure of an organisation, which is created by management in order to establish relationships between those individuals and groups, as well as to provide order and systems, and to direct the efforts of the organisation into goal-seeking activities...ery organisation – whether in the public or private sector – is subjected to the consequences of these crises, with certain implications for the organisation’s modus operandi, operational capabilities, and, above all, the individuals who work for, and depend on, the organisation in question. In order to better understand how our organisation would successfully perform its functions under the above-mentioned circumstances, a few conceptions need to be reviewed. On the one hand all organisations are made of individual members, where the individual is a central feature and necessary constituent part of any organisation’s behavioural situation, whether acting in response to expectations of the organisation, or as a result of influences of the external environment (Mullins, 1996d, p.5). Individuals and groups interact within the formal structure of an organisation, which is created by management in order to establish relationships between those individuals and groups, as well as to provide order and systems, and to direct the efforts of the organisation into goal-seeking activities (Mullins, 1996d, p.6). Thus, through its formal structure, the organisation – as comprised of the organisation’s members – carry out its activities aimed at achieving certain objectives (Mullins, 1996d). On the other hand, each organisation function s as part of the broader external environment, which affects the organisation through a variety of stimuli, like technological and scientific development, social and cultural influences, economic activity, governmental actions, etc.; while the increasing rate of change in environmental factors, including crises, necessitates certain internal change, as part of a process by which the organisation adapts to the demands of the external

Arbitrage Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Arbitrage - Research Paper Example In this case, the call price is $1.15 while the put price is $0.55. The stock price of the company does not pay any dividends. This shows that an arbitrage position does not exist for the firm. This is because the difference between the two prices is fairly small and the company already has the stocks at the exercise price (Chen, 2005). The time of expiry is only 60 days and the stocks can perform better than if they were sold for immediate profits by the company. It would therefore get a loss in the long term if arbitrage is exercised. The annual interest rate receivable by the company is a factor in calculating the value of the stock and given that it is 12% then the possibility of receiving prices above this when arbitrage is used is quite minimal. There are other costs that are involved when making a call such as the brokerage fees and taxes on capital gains, it is simpler to hold onto the shares and

Achilles Essay Example for Free

Achilles Essay Achilles set the model or heroism in the western world. Do you think Odysseus is a better model? Why or why not? The two heroes have their different characteristics and contributions to the English Literature. They were known by their every heroism acts, honored with their people and envied by their enemies. Odysseus was portrayed as a hero by the Greek because of his many virtues and, considered as a villainous falsifier by the Romans. (http/www:wikipwedia. com). He portrayed inconstant characteristics as a hero. He’s known to be cunning and deceitful, tricky and wise. One of the most influential Greek Champions of the Trojan War, a friend of Achilles whom he had convinced to join with Menelaus (King of Spartan) troops in sailing through Troy, and retrieve Helen (mistress of the King) that was abducted by Paris of Troy. Though, he tried to avoid from coming since an oracle prophesized that he’ll be delayed long in returning home if he went, but Palamedes placed his son in front of the plough which forced him to go. He became one of the most trusted advisers and counselors. He helped and brought the battle to victory. Just before the war begun, he accompanied Menelaus and Palemedes in an attempt to negotiate Helen’s peaceful return. Menelaus made unpersuasive emotional arguments, but his arguments almost persuaded the Trojan court to hand her over. He was indeed a hero of the Greek because of his strength and intelligence, his irresistible approach towards negotiations of the land’s boundaries and properties. On the other hand, Achilles was too a Greek hero of the Trojan War, the central character and the greatest warrior of Homer’s lliad, which takes for its theme the Wrath of Achilles. (http/www: google. com). He was known as the quickest and the most handsome of the heroes assembled against Troy. His great relationship with his friend Patroclus, who wore his armor the time he’s slain by Hector. On the movie â€Å"Troy†, he became more of a hero when he turned back and join the war to save the woman he first held as a captive at the first time they conquered one of the places of Troy. He showed passionate love with the Troy Princess and tried to keep her when King Menelaus invaded and murdered the King of Troy. Though, he presented a hubristic personality, however, his soft side was revealed by the time he fell in love with the Princess, being a good and trusted friend of Patroclus also. Achilles was invulnerable on all his body except for his heel, and was killed in battle by an arrow to the heel. (The movie is very visible on this part. ) Both Odysseus and Achilles were great, intelligent and peerless warriors. They were also in love when they’re forced to join the war. The first saved his son from placing in front of the plough and the later being so brave that he fear no kings, lived according to his will and desire, and went to save his Princess from danger. And though, Achilles was killed during the war and Odysseus was trying to get his armor away from Agamemnon. For me, they are just fair of becoming great models to everyone. They are heroes and great models in their own way and right.

About A Boy Summary English Literature Essay

About A Boy Summary English Literature Essay Will, 36 years old, is a single and fashionable guy. He doesnt work, because he had received money from his dads inheritance. His dad has made a very popular Christmas-song, thats why Will doesnt work. He doesnt live like a 36-year old guy, because he hasnt got any responsibilities. In the begin of the story Marcus and Will doesnt know each other. Marcus just moved to London, because his mother always got a different husband. Will meets Angie, which has a son. He falls in love with her and he tells her things that he has a son, called Ned, which he hasnt got. Will liked it when woman being attached to him. Then Angie broke up with Will. Will missed the feeling to be in love with a women, so he decided to go to SPAT. SPAT is a association for single parents. Will said he had a little son called Ned. There he met a girl called Suzie, who has a daughter called Paula. One day, theres a SPAT picnic. But how does Will go to that picnic without Ned? Will starts lying about Ned again, so he gets away with it. Fiona, Marcus mum, starts crying very often without a reason. Marcus is on a new school, where he gets being bullied a lot. One day, Fiona and Marcus go to the picnic from SPAT, because Suzie, also a friend of Fiona, asked them to come. Now, Will and Marcus will meet each other for the first time at the picnic. Marcus thinks its very boring, and decides to throw bread to ducks. But then, he kills a duck. The owner of the park starts getting angry, but Will helps Marcus. Marcus is very grateful for that. Will thinks Marcus is a very adult boy. Will brings Marcus and Suzie at home. But then, when they go inside Marcus house, they see Fiona half-dead on the couch. They go very quickly to the hospital. When Fionas in the hospital, Marcus finds a farewell letter from his mum. Then Marcus starts thinking that he hasnt got anyone besides his mother. So he decides to search people who want to be their friend, so then he isnt alone when his mother will pass out. Fiona gets back home, and she, Marcus and Will are going to diner together. Marcus wants that Fiona and Will start dating with each other, so he wont be alone anymore. This will be a very uncomfortable diner, because everybody still believes Will has a child (he bought a child seat, especially for the fact that he really has a son). Some days later, Marcus goes to Will, and concludes Ned doesnt exist. At Wills house, Marcus learns a lot of things. As example what the newest and coolest CDs are, and Will buys him some cool shoes. But the next day, the shoes are stolen. Marcus has to go to the direction, and there he meets a very notorious girl (Ellie). Marcus and Ellie start being friends, which Marcus likes a lot. Marcus daily comes at Wills place, but when Fiona hears that Will hasnt got a son, Marcus isnt allowed to go to Will anymore. But despite that, Marcus invites Will for a Christmas party, where Will meets Suzie. Will doesnt feel himself very comfortable, and Suzie isnt happy at all because Will lied to her. On New Years Eve, Will falls in love with Rachel. Rachel is a beautiful women, who has a son, named Ali. Very soon Will and Rachel talk about children. Will says to Rachel that Marcus is his son. So he asks Marcus to pretend if hes Wills son. They go to Rachel, which becomes a nightmare for Marcus. Ali threatens Marcus with the thing that Will and Rachel dont interact anymore. After that accident, it goes a lot better with Marcus and Will. It seems to be Rachel and Fiona like each other. A couple of days later, Marcus, Rachel and Fiona decide to go to a pub, but Rachel doesnt come. Marcus goes with Ellie to Cambridge, where Marcus dad lives. Marcus dad (Clive) has broken his collar bone with a stupid accident, so Clive wanted to see Marcus. En route, Ellie damages a window glass, because she was angry of the fact that Kurt Cobain (a famous singer which Eillie is a big fan from) committed suicide. So they have to go to the police station, where they will be picked up by Clive and his girlfriend (Lindsey). But they also are getting picked up by Fiona, Will and Ellies mum. Marcus starts getting a quarrel with Lindsey and Clive. But finally, everything will be resolved. Marcus goes to his dad, and Ellie will be guilty from the window-damage. Marcus becomes a real teenager now, Will tells Rachel he hasnt got a son and Fiona will be OK. Creative Assignment 15. Write a mini-biography of an author whose work you read. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Nick_Hornby_01.jpg/200px-Nick_Hornby_01.jpg Nicolas Peter John Hornby (Nick Hornby) was born at April 17th 1957, in the city Redhill in the United Kingdom. Nick Hornbys parents, called Derek Peter Hornby and Margaret Audrey Withers. Nick Hornbys dad was a businessman with a lot of success and Nick Hornbys mother was a secretary. His parents divorced when he was only eleven. So Nick Hornby lived in a single-parent family with his mum and his sister Gill Hornby, because his dad left Great-Britain and started a new live in France. Nick Hornby married With Vriginia Hornby in 1993, and they divorced in 1998. In 1993 Nick Hornbys son (Danny Hornby)was born. Nowadays Nick Hornby works and lives in Highbury in London. After he left the Maidenhead Grammar School, he started studying English at the Jesus college in Cambridge. After his study at the Jesus college, he started teaching English to students from other countries. After his career as a teacher, Nick Hornby started doing some journalism for the famous magazine, called New Musical Express. But that wasnt the thing he really liked, so he decided to become a writer. The head points of his books are often music and sports, where obvious behavior of men will be described. Nick Hornby is also an enormous Arsenal-fan, which you can find back in his books. He also uses actual things in his stories, like the death of Kurt Cobain in the book About a boy. The literary movements where Nick Hornbys books belongs to, are humor, roman and realistic stories. Very many people love his books, because they appeals the people. Nick Hornbys first book was Fever Pitch, published in 1992, where he described his feelings for the football-club Arsenal. With this book he launched a new literary: football-stories. Just like About a boy(1998) and High Fidelity(1995), Fever Pitch is based on his own life experiences. Other books that Nick Hornby had written are: How to be good (written in 2001, with this book Hornby won the WH Smith Award for Fiction), this is a story about someone who wants to be good for the whole world. 31 Songs (written in 2003), is a book about 26 popsongs which Nick Hornby liked. A long way down (written in 2005, this book was shortlisted for the Whitbread Novel Award), this is a book about suicide, fear, etc. The Complete Polysyllabic Spree  (written in 2006), Nick Hornby explores in this book the how and when and why and what of reading. Slam (written in 2007), this book is about skateboarders and their problems. Juliet, Naked (written in 2009), this book is about a nerds idol who falls in love with the nerds girlfriend The books which are filmed, are: Fever pitch (filmed twice: in the years 1997 and 2005) High Fidelty (filmed in the year 2000) About a boy (filmed in the year 2002) Nick Hornby has also written 3 anthologies, called: My favourite Year (written in 1993) The Picador Book of Sportswriting  (written in 1996) Speaking with the Angel  (written in 2000) It is visible that Nick Hornby is a very popular writer, because he published a lot of books, and from a couple of these books there has been made a movie. Nick Hornbys biggest success is High Fidelty, because he won most of his trophies with this book. Many books of Nick Hornby are translated into Dutch and other languages, because he is also well-known in very many countries. But Nick Hornbys work hasnt been finished yet, because there is going to be a new film, called An Education.

Reflexivity: Crossing That Line Essay -- Ethnography Anthropology Essa

Reflexivity: Crossing That Line Traditionally, ethnographic works had always been about objective studies of the â€Å"other.† The discipline attempts to use non-biased methods to research of our subjects to qualify anthropology into the category of science. However, an increasing number of anthropologists begin to question the existence of objectivity in fieldwork. More recently, some anthropologists advocate the incorporation of the self, or the use of reflexivity, in the research to acknowledge our biases; at the same time, enhance the quality of our ethnographies. Others further assert that reflexivity is the only way to complete ethnographies. These propositions prompted concerns and provoked intense criticisms among scholars from different areas of study. One argument maintains that while moderate use of reflexivity is necessary in ethnographic research as exemplified by Dorinne Kondo and Renato Rosaldo, it is problematic when it is taken too far as did Ruth Behar. Before use of reflexivity can be analyzed, it is important to discuss what reflexivity is. As its use is controversial, to define the term is complex task. One way to describe it is to characterize it as a piece of work involving the self and some sort of reflection. Another mean to understand the concept is to imagine a mirror; and reflexivity is a description of the images reflected in the mirror, which includes â€Å"others† as well as the â€Å"self.† Interestingly, even though we have yet to define the idea, many uses and styles of reflexivity exist. Or perhaps, the difficulty to produce a working definition stems from its wide range of uses. For example, Kamala Visweswaran uses reflexivity to evaluate the discipline in which she belongs – namely feminis... ...r, anthropology is not a coherent discipline and should be divided to accomendate these difference styles of writing ethnography. Nonetheless, all these questions and confusions points out one thing, that subjectivity is inevitable. Otherwise, we would agree on all these issues. But, it is these issues that cause trouble that make the discipline attractive, exciting, and worthwhile. Reference: [1] Behar, Ruth. 1996. Anthropology that breaks your heart. In The Vulnerable Observer: Antrhopology that Breaks Your Heart, pp. 161 –177. Boston: Beacon Press. [2] Kondo, Dorinne K. 1986. Dissolution and reconstitution of self: implications for anthropological epistemology. In cultural Anthropology 1(1): 74-88. [3] Rosaldo, Renato. 1993. Grief and a headhunter’s rage. IN Culture and Ttruth: TheRremaking of Social Analysis, pp. 161- 177. Boston: Beacon Press.

The Flea Essay -- English Literature Essays

The Flea Donne's poem â€Å"The Flea† appears to be a love poem, a dedication from a male suitor to his lady of honor, who repudiates to yield to his lustful desires. In this poem, the speaker tries to seduce a young woman by comparing the consequences of their lovemaking with those of an insignificant fleabite. He uses the flea as an argument to exemplify that the physical relationship he desires is not in itself a momentous event, because a similar unification has already taken place within the flea. In the stanza 1, the speaker creates likeness between the fleabite and lovemaking. I interpreted the first two lines, â€Å"Mark but this flea, and mark in this, How little that, which thou deny’st me, is;† to mean that the woman doesn’t reject the flea entrà ©e to her body, yet she denies the advancements of the speaker. Then the speaker shows the similarities between their lovemaking and the mingling of their blood within the flea. â€Å"It sucked me first, and now sucks thee, And in this flea our two bloods mingled be.† This argument shows the woman that the same physical exchange, which takes place between her and a flea, is the same type of union that he has in mind. In lines 5-6 of stanza 1 the speaker persuades the woman that their act could not be considered a sin because a fleabite isn’t considered one. This act could not be considered a loss of innocence because it is so common that if it were to be true, nearly everyone would have lost h is or her innocence. Therefore this lady... The Flea Essay -- English Literature Essays The Flea Donne's poem â€Å"The Flea† appears to be a love poem, a dedication from a male suitor to his lady of honor, who repudiates to yield to his lustful desires. In this poem, the speaker tries to seduce a young woman by comparing the consequences of their lovemaking with those of an insignificant fleabite. He uses the flea as an argument to exemplify that the physical relationship he desires is not in itself a momentous event, because a similar unification has already taken place within the flea. In the stanza 1, the speaker creates likeness between the fleabite and lovemaking. I interpreted the first two lines, â€Å"Mark but this flea, and mark in this, How little that, which thou deny’st me, is;† to mean that the woman doesn’t reject the flea entrà ©e to her body, yet she denies the advancements of the speaker. Then the speaker shows the similarities between their lovemaking and the mingling of their blood within the flea. â€Å"It sucked me first, and now sucks thee, And in this flea our two bloods mingled be.† This argument shows the woman that the same physical exchange, which takes place between her and a flea, is the same type of union that he has in mind. In lines 5-6 of stanza 1 the speaker persuades the woman that their act could not be considered a sin because a fleabite isn’t considered one. This act could not be considered a loss of innocence because it is so common that if it were to be true, nearly everyone would have lost h is or her innocence. Therefore this lady...

Location options for retail and service businesses

INTRODUCTIONA firm location of determines how it operates and what factors hinder or enabling the firm to operate effectively. Localization of industry is beneficial in many instances, and at the same time has its demerits. Concentration of businesses service in the same location gives firm economies of externalities. These externalities come in form of backward linkages to the services from other firms, pulling a training school for manpower development and workers training.ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF LOCALIZATION OF FIRMSAdvantages of Central Business District include:I. Encourage the development of supportive service centers;ІІ.   Access to high skilled labors;ІІІ. Access to operational tools and spare parts;ІV. Access to modern technology and information technology;V. Encourage development of common training centers for staffers and clients orientation.Disadvantages of locating a service firm in a business district include:I.   Increase in   comp etition level among service firms;II.   Increase in cost of operation due to congested industry and business district.Advantages of Neighborhood locationІ. Having opportunity to get feedback from customers and clients;ІІ. Easy advertisement of services to clients;ІІІ.   Personal services are easily tailored to client taste.ІV. Assess to raw material for retail stores.Disadvantages of Neighborhood locationІ.   Service provision are restricted to those in the neighborhood;ІІ.  High cost for introducing new technology and workforce training.Advantages of Shopping Centers and Malls locationІ.  One time shopping is easily carried out by customers;ІІ.  Attraction of different categories of customers are encourages   due to product and services differentiationDisadvantages of Shopping Centers and Malls location:І.   Shop lifting are easily carried out due to many differentiated products;ІІ.  Customers may be tempted to buy the wrong product due to plethora of appealing products in the   window dressing;Advantages of store near competitors:І.  Ã‚   New strategy and business idea are learn from rivals;ІІ.  Ã‚   Cost reduction are reduced due to the competition among firms;ІІІ.   Raw materials are easily accessed;ІV.  Ã‚  Innovation are encouraged due to healthy competition among firmsV.     Encourage introduction of modern technologyDisadvantages of store near competitors:І    Organization strategies are counterpart thereby rendering the operations ineffective;ІІ    Unhealthy competition leads to blackmailing and sabotaging activities against rivalsAdvantages of outlying areasІ       Proper structure and market planning is encouraged;ІІ      Ã‚  Easy transportation of goods are enabledІІІ       Easy location of service and goods to an outletDisadvantages of outlying areasІ      Few operat ors are encouraged in the market which results in price hike;ІІ    Customers cannot make all service shopping in one location.Advantages of Home based location:І      Backward linkage to local raw materials is encouraged;ІІ      Cheap labor and cost reduction is easily accessed;ІІІ    Local taste and culture is easily recognized and upheld  Disadvantages of Home based locationІ      Varieties of product and service are restricted due to local taste and wants;ІІ       Difficulty in introducing new technologiesCONCLUSIONThe location of retail or service businesses influences how well such firm operates. The location may  Ã‚   result in the advancement of the business operations or may hinder it depending on the location and business type. It is then germane that adequate assessment is conducted to weigh the pros and cons of a place where a business would be located in order to derive maximum advantages.

Management Report Project on Work Performance

Abstract The objective of this research is to find out if there is any correlation between work performance and job satisfaction through a sample study of sales personnel working in different banks. Additionally, this research sought to understand whether job satisfaction is linked to both work motivation and employee’s perceived style of leadership by Managers. With the help of surveys and interviews conducted with the participants, it was established that job satisfaction was positively related with work productivity. Similar essay: Argyles Communication CycleWork motivation and employee’s perceived style of leadership were also established as positively related with employee job satisfaction. These findings suggest that to increase work productivity, managers may be required to elevate the level of job satisfaction in employees, which may be potentially accomplished via a participative approach to leadership and effective motivation of employees. However, as the study is correlational in nature, the limitations of the current research are indicated under Discussion. Literature ReviewRelationship between Job Satisfaction and Productivity The most-used research definition of job satisfaction is by Locke (1976), who defined it as â€Å"a pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one’s job or job experiences†. There are other researchers and studies that support this notion of relationship between job satisfaction and productivity indicating that org anizations increasing job satisfaction is not only to benefit its employee but also for the organization financial advantages.As cited by Edward E. Lawler, job satisfaction is related to productivity as this comes from a path goal theory of motivation that has been stated by Georgopoulos, Mahoney and Jones, Vroom, Lawler and Porter. According to them, people are motivated to do things which lead to rewards that they value. In this case, a path-goal theory would predict that high satisfaction will lead to low turnover and absenteeism because the satisfied individual is motivated to go to work where his needs are being satisfied.As quoted by Dailey and Kirk, 1992, job satisfaction and organisational commitment share an inverse relationship with absenteeism and turnover intention, factors that can sharply cut bottom line. Adverse consequences include lower productivity and morale, and higher cost of hiring, retention and training. Thus, the reverse holds true whereby lower frequencies of absenteeism and turnover could lead to potentially higher contribution to organisational economic productive gains.In a research done by National Research Institute for one of the largest Food Services providers in the United States, it was suspected that employee satisfaction was the cause for high employee absenteeism, ruling out other tangible factors. Findings showed that low job satisfaction was evident; the National Business Research Institute (NBRI) Root Cause Analysis indicated that a gap existed between employees and the organization's short and long term goals, vision, and mission.Proposed recommendations from NBRI included several measures to relay management's strategic plans to the lowest-ranked employee and ensuring each and every employee’s daily activities were aligned according to such plans. Thereafter, subsequent employee survey results showed significant increases on employee satisfaction, enhancing Total Company Employee Satisfaction dramatically.Emplo yee Satisfaction Scores took a turn for the better, from a Weakness (below the 50th percentile of the NBRI Normative Database) to being Strength (above the 75th percentile of the NBRI Normative Database) in only six months. What’s more, employee absenteeism was reduced by more than 60%. With this correlation, Organ (1988) found that the job performance and job satisfaction relationship follows the social exchange theory in which employees’ performance constitute a giving back to the organization from which they get their satisfaction.Recognising the fact that low job satisfaction leads to low productivity, in turn aggravating organisational performance, it is imperative organizations assess the strength of the relationship between employee job satisfaction and productivity level because of underlying implications on redesigning certain aspects of work. A study was conducted by Shanu and Gole (2008) on the satisfaction level of 100 managers from 15 private manufacturing firms. A job satisfaction instrument assessing areas such as recognition, monetary remuneration, working conditions, nature of job, and future advancement was used.Then, these survey findings were compared with performance evaluations done by executives of assorted companies. In the wake of this, it was discovered that performance levels are consistent with high satisfaction scores. This is congruent with a review of 301 studies, revealing that job satisfaction bolsters up work performance, with a higher inclination towards professional jobs, compared to less complex jobs (see Saari & Judge, 2004). While there are studies to show this correlation, the present study was concerned with whether job satisfaction is significantly associated with performance in the economic aspect.In a study conducted on 42 manufacturing companies, Patterson, Warr, and West (2004) found that- holding other factors like company size, previous productivity, and industrial sector constant- productivity (fin ancial value of net sales per employee) is positively correlated to job satisfaction In another study, Herzberg et al. (1959) stated that (positive) satisfaction is due to good experiences, and that these are due to `motivators' – achievement, recognition, the work itself, responsibility and advancement.Dissatisfaction is due to bad experiences caused by `hygiene' factors – supervisors, fellow workers, company policy, working conditions, and personal life (Herzberg et al. , 1959). Therefore, it is unable to ascertain if job satisfaction is positively correlated with economic productivity or whether an inverse relationship exists. The present study seeks to reaffirm findings from the bulk of research in favour of the notion that satisfied employees are more labour productive. Relationship between Motivation and Job SatisfactionThe level of performance of employees relies not only on their actual skills but also on the level of motivation each person exhibits (Burney et al. , 2007). A motivational framework, built on the premise of how employees should be managed, affects job satisfaction. Herzberg's (1959) two-factor theory of motivation attributes ‘pay and benefits' to one of the hygiene factors, in that the exclusion of this causes job dissatisfaction (Hugh Greenway & Tim Runacre, 2008). As Argyle (1989) explains, positive job atisfaction is due to motivators such as achievement, recognition, the work itself, responsibility, and advancement, while dissatisfaction is due to bad experiences caused by hygiene factors such as salary, supervision, company policy, relations with fellow workers, and conditions of work. Lawler (1973) has a theory known as discrepancy theory which states that workers measure job satisfaction based on what they receive versus what they expect to receive, and a comparison in which an actual outcome level is lower than an expected outcome level would lead to dissatisfaction (Castillo & Cano, 2004).However, in another theory of motivation known as equity theory, it states that motivation is affected by workers’ perception of how fairly they are being treated, with employees evaluating their inputs/outcomes by comparing them with the inputs/outcomes of others (Castillo & Cano, 2004; Luthans & Doh, 2009). If the ratio of inputs to outcomes is similar to the inputs and outcomes of others, equity exists. Inequity exists when the ratio of inputs to outcomes is unequal to the inputs and outcomes of others (Castillo & Cano, 2004; Luthans & Doh, 2009).Job satisfaction is then associated with the perception of equity, while perceptions of inequity will result in dissatisfaction with this belief having a negative effect on job performance (Castillo & Cano, 2004; Luthans & Doh, 2009). The common factors shared by the different theories of motivation are the implication of a need for effective motivation in order to make employees satisfied with their jobs. Castillo and Cano (2004) examining in an ear lier study on 148 faculty members reported that all of the job motivator factors identified by Herzberg (1959) were moderately or substantially related to overall job satisfaction.Such findings shed light on how organisations can enhance productivity by considering provision of motivators such as recognition or improving on such motivators so as to heighten job satisfaction. In order to attain optimal profits, it is necessary to ascertain the link between motivation and job satisfaction through extensive foraging for substantial evidence. Most importantly, the present study will illustrate that existence of motivators to propel employees to reach for organisational goals has a favourable impact on labour productivity via enhancement of job satisfaction.Leadership Style and Job Satisfaction In an organisation, the performance of staff is not only affected by motivation and job satisfaction but it is also affected by the leadership style adopted by the organisation. Leadership is defi ned as a process through which others are influenced to channel their efforts in the direction of attaining their goals (Luthans & Doh, 2009). Organizational leadership sets the tone in the effectiveness of organizations, as well as plays a vital role in job satisfaction.Positive interactions among organisational leaders and members give rise to mutual respect, trust, and the ability to generate a sense of hope for the future- a much needed ingredient for job satisfaction to blossom from such relationships (Ackfeldt& Coote, 2005; Farh, Podsakoff, & Organ, 1990). Moreover, there is research that shows the existence of the relationship between leadership style and job satisfaction. The National Business Research Institute (2007), examining factors of job satisfaction, surveyed more than 15,000 employees, largely white collar, from all levels of participating organizations in the United States.Leadership is identified as the prominent factor contributing to job satisfaction, a phenomen on evident in organizations. There is a relationship between managers’ leadership styles and employees’ job satisfaction, illustrated in a sample of 814 employees of a national hospital. According to Rad and Yarmohammadian (2006), a strong correlation between leadership behaviours and job satisfaction prevails, citing that employee job satisfaction depends upon the style of leadership of managers.It was realised that a trend emerged from studying the sample group; a participative leadership style of managers dominates where this is a style of leadership in which subordinates are led through a reliance on task-oriented and people-oriented approaches. In Luthans and Doh (2009) findings, participative leaders adopt a non-authoritative tone, empowering employees, together with consulting with them, delegating responsibilities, and enabling mutual decision-making. As well, another study on the influence of leadership style on job satisfaction included 220 individuals coming from diverse industries like manufacturing, education, and overnment. Research findings showed a consistency with the earlier sample study, denoting that task and relational leadership style were positively associated with subordinate job satisfaction (Madlock, 2008). In all, it is essential to bear in mind that participative approach to leadership comprising task and relational behaviours may not be the best â€Å"one style fits all† style of management due to the vast differences among organization’s cultures, leaving one to engage in other styles of leadership where appropriate. (Yarmohammadian, 2006).Among other things, participative leadership is more popular in technologically advanced nations and may increasingly abound as countries mature economically (Luthans & Doh, 2009). Therefore, it is vital to further justify through the current study if job satisfaction increases via participative leadership style. If such a relationship is confirmed, it is assumed that job satisfaction shares a positive association with productivity; participative leadership by managers could potentially boost employee productivity. The Current StudyThe present study examined the relationship between job satisfaction and productivity where respondents are seventy-three employees working in 2 local and 2 foreign banks based in Singapore. The intent is to affirm if employees’ level of work motivation and managerial leadership style gives rise to varying levels of job satisfaction. The participants in the study were Relationship Managers recruited from the sales departments of the local banks, namely United Overseas Bank (UOB) and Post Office Savings Bank (POSB), as well as from the foreign banks Standard Chartered and Citibank N.A. The scope of work required by the employees across the different organizations was similar, with the Relationship Managers being responsible for revenue generation by selling financial products. These organizations were selected f or the present study to ascertain whether job satisfaction relates to employee economic performance in terms of labour productivity. In the banking sales sector, where productivity is measured in terms of financial value of net sales per employee, this provides a pecific measure of the construct and permit correlational analysis with job satisfaction scores, precisely the reason for the choice of the banking sales sector being the main subject of this present research. Three instruments assessing work motivation, leadership style of managers, and job satisfaction were given to the participants. Participants could respond freely to the survey questions according to their own perceptions. Every participant’s labour productivity figures were provided by the respective managers of the four sales departments.Lastly, the Method furnished additional details regarding the assessment instruments. Hypotheses It was anticipated that labour productivity would be positively associated wit h job satisfaction. It was also predicted that both work motivation and employees’ perceived use by managers of participative leadership would be positively related to job satisfaction. Method Participants One Hundred working adults, out of which 50 were females and 50 were males, aged from 21 to 40 (M= 30. 9 years, SD= 5. 37) constitute the respondents for this study.These respondents, each having worked in these banks from 1 to 10 years (M= 5. 41, SD= 2. 58), were chosen from the sales acquisition departments within the main branches of 2 local banks and 2 foreign banks based in Singapore. Materials The tools required for the purposes of the present study come in three different assessments. Firstly, using The Leadership Style Questionnaire by Northouse (2001) measures task and relational leadership style to collate a general leadership profile representative of the participative approach to leadership.According to Anderson, Madlock & Hoffman, 2006 (cited in Madlock 2008), this instrument has reported scale reliabilities ranging from 0. 92 to 0. 95, and comprises 20 items measuring task and relational leadership styles on a 5-point Likert scale (1= strongly disagree to 5= strongly agree). The second instrument, adapted from the Work Motivation Behavior Scale of the Akinboye’s 2001 Executive Behavior Battery, is a 15-item questionnaire incorporating a 4-point Likert scale (1= strongly agree to 4= strongly disagree).The third item measuring job satisfaction was rated by the 8-item Abridged Job in General scale (Russell, Spitzmtiller, Lin, Stanton, Smith & Ironson 2004, cited in Madlock 2008) that was based on a 5-point Likert scale response (1= strongly disagree to 5= strongly agree). The Abridged Job in General scale was reportedly said to have a reliability of 0. 87 (Russell et al. 2004, cited in Madlock 2008). Attached in Appendix 1, 2, and 3 respectively is a copy of the Leadership Style Questionnaire, the Work Motivation Instrument, and the Abridged Job in General scale.Apart from these data obtained from the research instruments, branch department mangers provided the labour productivity of each employee based on the financial value of the nets sales revenue per month per employee for the past 12 months. Procedure A telephone discussion with each of the four banks’ main branch’s sales acquisition departments’ managers on the possibility of conducting a study investigating the links between leadership style, employee motivation, and job satisfaction which in turn predicts productivity was done.After consenting to the terms of the research, the researcher scheduled a half hour for the employees of each of the four banks at a time convenient to them. Meanwhile, delivery of the informed consent form and instructions for the three assessments, packed in an envelope, was arranged to each participant. All participants were given an explanation regarding the nature of the research, including clearing any doubts they might have, pertaining to the research. Sealed envelopes containing the questionnaires completed and handed by the participants to the respective manager would be collected from the latter in a week’s time.On the same day of collection, the month-end financial net sales figures of each employee for the duration of the past 12 months were obtained from the managers in order to compute monthly mean sales revenue figures as an index of labour productivity for each participant Results A computation of statistics for each assessment tool was done. The mean of job satisfaction was 23. 88 (N= 100, SD= 2. 46), the mean work motivation score was 38. 76 (N= 100, SD= 3. 94), while the mean score of employees’ perception of leadership style was 83. 98 (N= 100, SD= 6. 10).Monthly financial net sales figures for the past 12 months of each participant were to yield mean monthly sales revenue figures after which the mean of the averaged monthly sales revenue figures of all participants was found to be 14,265. 62 (N= 100, SD= 2,653. 47). Simple regression regressed productivity on job satisfaction. Results show that job satisfaction was positively associated with productivity, accounting for 20. 04% of the variance in productivity (R= 0. 66, p; . 001). Through multiple regression analysis, it was found that motivation and perceived leadership style affected the varying levels in job satisfaction scores.Work motivation and perceived leadership style were both positively correlated with job satisfaction, accounting for 19. 5% (R= 0. 66, p; . 001) and 16. 26% (R= 0. 24, p; . 001) of the variance in job satisfaction respectively. Discussion The present study, conducted on a pool of white collar professionals, looked into the relationship between labour productivity and job satisfaction, as well as examined whether job satisfaction was associated with work motivation and employees’ perceptions of managerial leadership style.Results tabulated from th e survey which was measured utilizing self, peers or supervisor assessment indicate that job satisfaction was moderately correlated with labour productivity, a finding that lends support to the body of research suggesting that greater job satisfaction is indicative of higher work performance (Argyle, 1989; Saari & Judge, 2004; Shahu & Gole, 2008).However, even when the economic aspect of performance, or more specifically, of labour productivity was examined, average job satisfaction still indicates to be correlated significantly with performance, as consistent with Patterson M, 2004 study of 42 manufacturing companies indicating that company mean overall job satisfaction was significantly associated with and predictive of economic performance.However, even with the result that accounts for such relationship between work productivity and job satisfaction, it is difficult to infer that job satisfaction is the direct cause to that outcome. As it is widely known that correlation does no t equate to causation, it cannot be concluded with certainty that satisfied employees evidence greater productivity as a consequence of their being satisfied with their jobs, as the reverse could be true that productivity actually accounts for job satisfaction or a third variable could influence the outcome of the relationship between both.As for the third variable there is some evidence to suggest that redesigning jobs to enhance job features such as task identity, task significance, skill variety, autonomy, and feedback may increase job satisfaction (Argyle, 1989), as it has been proposed that such features provide job satisfaction (Hackman & Oldham, 1980, cited in Argyle, 1989). What can be extrapolated from the findings of the current study is that job satisfaction makes up a proportion of the variance in employee productivity.This implies that a focus on improving employees’ level of satisfaction with their jobs may elevate labour productivity figures. Motivation and Job Satisfaction The findings obtained from the present study suggest that work motivation is positively associated with job satisfaction. Most research has indicated moderate to substantial correlations between Herzberg’s (1959) job motivator factors and overall job satisfaction (Castillo & Cano, 2004) which is no surprise that there is a positive correlation between both.If motivators such as recognition, achievement, nature of the work, advancement and responsibility determine job satisfaction as purported by Herzberg (1959), then motivating employees via a focus on improving such aspects of a job may serve to make individuals more satisfied with their jobs. Castillo and Cano (2004) found that amongst the job motivator factors that were associated with job satisfaction amongst college faculty members, recognition best explained the variance among faculty members’ overall level of job satisfaction.Interestingly, Herzberg’s (1959) assumption that hygiene factors r elate to or determine dissatisfaction was supported, as it was found that the factor of working conditions was the least motivating aspect of faculty members’ jobs, implying that employees were least satisfied with the context in which their job was performed (Castillo & Cano, 2004).Management may thus need to seek out creative methods to motivate workers by providing opportunities for advancement, achievement, and through the cultivation of a sense of responsibility and autonomy as individuals are motivated to excel because of intrinsic needs such as achievement, recognition, self-development, and meaning derived from performing work. More importantly, what Castillo and Cano’s (2004) findings suggest is that work should provide recognition through acts of notice or praise by colleagues, superiors, and management to increase job satisfaction.In the studies that have reported relationships between job satisfaction and work performance, it has been noted by Argyle (1989) that the correlations are greater for employees in supervisory or professional jobs. Also, job satisfaction predicts performance, with the relationship being even stronger for professional jobs could be due to the possibility that in such jobs, job performance is less contingent on external pressures such as task speed or wage incentives and more on motivation (Argyle, 1989).To the degree therefore that work performance or productivity depends upon employees’ level of job satisfaction, motivation at work holds an indispensable role particularly with respect to white-collar professional jobs in terms of its potential influence on job satisfaction. To conclude if motivation directly determines job performance are well beyond the scope of the current study.Further research is thus warranted in this area that will permit inferences about whether work motivation causes job satisfaction or work performance, or whether job satisfaction instead influences motivation. Leadership Styl e and Job Satisfaction In the present study, leadership style was indicated to be positively related to employee job satisfaction. This finding is of value because it supports the research findings that indicate that leadership behaviour of managers has an important influence on subordinate job satisfaction (Madlock, 2008).It appears from the current findings that as the perceived use by employees of a participative style of leadership in which task-centered and people-centered approaches are combined to lead subordinates, employees are more satisfied with their jobs. Such a finding is of direct relevance to organizations because the present research has also indicated a link between employee job satisfaction and work productivity in such a manner that increased levels of job satisfaction are associated with increased labour productivity.Thus, the extension of the current research by investigating the link between employees’ perceived leadership style of managers and job sati sfaction provides organizations with a further area of focus to potentially maximize job satisfaction and thus to enhance performance of employees. Conclusion The organizational goal of helping employees find satisfaction in their work should be one of paramount importance, as it may be to the mutual benefit of the employer and employee. The present study suggests that employees tend to perform more productively when they are satisfied with their jobs.In order to capitalize on employee job satisfaction to potentially increase performance of employees, ways of maximizing job satisfaction may encompass managing workers by selecting a participative style of leadership, as well as by motivating employees by ensuring that relevant intrinsic needs such as recognition are fulfilled though appropriate restructuring of the job. Such endeavours may then be advantageous for organizations in terms of productivity gains in the likelihood that job satisfaction is improved upon. Appendix 1 LEADERS HIP STYLE AND WORKPLACE QUESTIONNAIREDirections: Think about how often your immediate supervisor engages in the described behaviour. For each item, select the number that best represents the behaviour that your immediate supervisor is most likely to exhibit. 1 Strongly disagree2Disagree 3Neutral 4Agree 5Strongly agree My immediate supervisor†¦ 1. Tells group members what they are supposed to do. 1 2 3 4 5 2. Acts friendly with members of the group. 1 2 3 4 5 3. Sets standards of performance for group members. 1 2 3 4 5 4. Helps others feel comfortable in the group. 1 2 3 4 5 5.Makes suggestions on how to solve problems. 1 2 3 4 5 6. Responds favorably to suggestions made by others. 1 2 3 4 5 7. Makes his or her perspective clear to others. 1 2 3 4 5 8. Treats others fairly. 1 2 3 4 5 9. Develops a plan of action for the group. 1 2 3 4 5 10. Behaves in a predictable manner toward group members. 1 2 3 4 5 11. Defines role responsibilities for each group member. 1 2 3 4 5 12. Comm unicates actively with group members. 1 2 3 4 5 13. Clarifies his or her own role within the group. 1 2 3 4 5 14.Shows concern for the personal well-being of others. 1 2 3 4 5 15. Provides a plan for how the work is to be done. 1 2 3 4 5 16. Shows flexibility in making decisions. 1 2 3 4 5 17. Provides criteria for what is expected of the group. 1 2 3 4 5 18. Discloses thoughts and feelings to group members. 1 2 3 4 5 19. Encourages group members to do quality work. 1 2 3 4 5 20. Helps group members get along. 1 2 3 4 5 Appendix 2 HOW MOTIVATED ARE YOU IN DOING YOUR JOB The following questions ask you how motivated you are in completing your job.Please indicate your response based on the following scale. (1 Strongly Agree to 4 Strongly Disagree) 1. You always put in your best effort in the things you do. 1 2 3 4 2. You exceed what you are suppose to accomplished 1 2 3 4 3. Your environment affects your mood in performing your task 1 2 3 4 4. You have a group of helpful colleagues th at make your work pleasant 1 2 3 4 5. Your pay is low so you perform at the minimum. 1 2 3 4 6. You work just to satisfy your basic needs 1 2 3 4 7. To have career advancement is important to you. 1 2 3 4 8.If you are lowly paid but given recognition for you work, you feel good. 1 2 3 4 9. You feel you are part of the organisation. 1 2 3 4 10. Do you feel enthusiastic about your current job. 1 2 3 4 11. Do you feel enthusiastic if you are given a new job scope 1 2 3 4 12. Are you looking forward to achieve the organisation goal. 1 2 3 4 13. You feel discourage when you are asked to perform a new task 1 2 3 4 14. You feel that you are important to the organisation 1 2 3 4 15. Overall, you feel the organisation plans for your future. 1 2 3 4Appendix 3 HOW SATISFIED ARE YOU WITH YOUR JOB QUESTIONNAIRE The following questions ask you about how you feel about your job at work everyday and how satisfied are you. Please indicate your agreement or disagreement on the following statements by indicating your appropriate response based on the following scale. 1 Strongly disagree2Disagree 3Neutral 4Agree 5Strongly agree 1. At this very moment, I am very enthusiastic about my work. 1 2 3 4 5 2. Right now, I feel fairly satisfied with my present job. 1 2 3 4 5 3. At present, each moment at work seems like it will never end. 1 2 3 4 5 4.At this moment, I am finding enjoyment in my work. 1 2 3 4 5 5. Right now, I consider my job rather unpleasant. 1 2 3 4 5 6. My job gives me a sense of achievement. 1 2 3 4 5 7. The amount of support and guidance I receive from my supervisor. 1 2 3 4 5 8. The overall quality of the supervision I receive in my work. 1 2 3 4 5 References FACTORS EXPLAINING JOB SATISFACTION AMONG FACULTY Jaime X. Castillo, Extension Specialist New Mexico State University Jamie Cano, Associate Professor The Ohio State University Journal of Agricultural Education 1) Locke, E. A. (1976). The nature and causes of job atisfaction. In M. D. Dunnette (Ed. ), Handbook o f industrial and organizational psychology (pp. 1304). Chicago: Rand McNally. 2) Organ, D. W. (1988). Organizational Citizenship Behavior – The Good Soldier Syndrome. (1st ed. ). Lexington, Massachusetts/Toronto: D. C. Heath and Company. 3) Herzberg, F. , Mausner, B. and Snyderman, B. B. (1959), The Motivation to Work. New York: Wiley. 4) Fred Luthans and Jonathan P. Doh, (2009), ‘International Management, Culture, Strategy, and Behavior 7th edition’, Mcgraw Hill, New York 5) http://www. nbrii. com/Employee_Surveys/Satisfaction. html 6) Dailey, R.C. and Kirk, D. J. (1992), â€Å"Distributive and procedural justice as antecedents of job satisfaction and intent to turnover†, Human Relations, Vol. 45, pp. 305-17. 7) West, M. and Patterson, M. (1998), â€Å"Profitable personnel†, People Management, Vol. 4, pp. 28-31. 8) Grant, L. (1998), â€Å"Happy workers, high returns†, Fortune, p. 81. 9) Hian Chye Koh, El'fred H Y Boo feb 2001. The link betwe en organizational ethics and job satisfaction: A study of managers in Singapore, Vol. 29, Iss. 4; p. 309 10) Ackfeldt, A. , & Coote, L. V. (2005). A study of organizational citizenship behaviors in a retail setting.Journal of Business Research, 58(2), 151-159 11) Farh, J. , Podsakoff, P. M. & Organ, D. W. (1990). Accounting for organizational citizenship behavior: Leader fairness and task scope versus satisfaction. Journal of Management, 16(4), 705-721. http://proquest. umi. com. eproxy. ucd. ie/pqdweb? index=5&did=1674096061&SrchMode=1&sid=3&Fmt=6&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1277568831&clientId=13279 12) Ali Mohammad Mosadegh Rad, Mohammad Hossein Yarmohammadian, (2006) â€Å"A study of relationship between managers' leadership style and employees' job satisfaction†, Leadership in Health Services, Vol. 9 Iss: 2, pp. 11 – 28 13) Paul E Madlock. 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