Nature verses nurture Essay

The nature versus nurture debate is an argument over whether nature plays a primary role in the development of an individual (heredity), or the environment (nurture). Nature, as understood by Psychologists, refers to physical characteristics that are biologically inherited, such as the color of skin, eye or texture of hair. Nurture on the other hand, refers to environmental influences after conception, such as our experiences (McLeod 2011). The debate has been controversial and ongoing for decades; Psychologists have tried to determine whether a person’s development is predisposed by DNA or his environment. So the questions exists, is it inherited gene or is it the driving force such as upbringing and nurturing from parents and caregivers that influences a child to grow up to become a lawyer, doctor, or a professional athlete. Both theories are essentially at opposite ends of the spectrum. Those who adopt an extreme hereditary approach (nativists) are of the belief that the characteristics or the human specie are a product of evolution and that our individual differences are due to the unique genetic makeup of the individual. At the opposite end of the spectrum, are environmentalists (empiricists) who believe that at birth the human mind is a blank slate that during development is gradually filled with our experiences (McLeod, 2007). In this paper we will look to two studies exploring the controversial nature versus nurture debate, make comparisons between them and discuss the conclusion of each study. John Bowlby (1907-1990) was a psychoanalyst who believed that mental health and behavioral problems could be attributed to early childhood. In his evolutionary Theory of Attachment developed after World War II, he suggests that children come into the world â€Å"biologically pre-programmed to form attachments with others,† as this is a means of survival. According to his original theory, infants have a universal need to seek close proximity with their caregiver. He observed that children experience intense distress when separated from their mothers and this shaped his belief that there is a fundamental link between early infant separations with the mother and later maladjustment (McLeod, 2009). Many subsequent theories have developed in support of this theory; Rudolph Schaffer and Peggy Emerson in 1964, studied 60 babies at monthly intervals for the first 18 months of life. The children were all studied in their own home and involved visiting the babies monthly for approximately one year. During this time, the caregivers were interviewed and all interactions with the babies were observed (McLeod, 2009). In contrast, Albert Bandura developed the Social Learning Theory in support of the nurture debate. He believed that people learn from each other through the process of observation, imitation and modeling. In 1961 he conducted an experiment called the â€Å"Bobo Doll Experiment,† to investigate if social behaviors can be acquired by imitation. The methodology of his study involved testing 36 boys and girls from the Stanford University Nursery School between the ages of three and six years. One male and female adult role model was chosen to demonstrate aggressive behavior. 24 boys and girls were allowed to watch a role model behaving aggressively towards a toy called a â€Å"Bobo doll. † The adults were told to attack the doll in destructive way, using hands, feet, weapons, or abusive language. Another 24 children were exposed to a non-aggressive model and the final 24 children were used as a controlled group and not exposed to any model or aggressive behavior at all. All the children were tested individually through three stages; â€Å"modeling, aggression arousal and delayed imitation† (McLeod, 2011). When the two studies are compared, many differences can be identified, but only a few similarities. In both studies, the subjects used were children. The researchers used an observational approach to undertake their study, the results of which support each theory. During both studies, the subjects were observed during normal activities and their behaviors evaluated through a series of stages. The first identifiable difference between studies was the type of study undertaken. A longitudinal study was undertaken in The Attachment Theory. It was conducted over a period of 18 months; while the Social Learning Theory was an experiment conducted over one day using matched pairs design. The second difference between studies was where they took place: the Attachment Theory studied infants in their own homes, while the Social Learning Theory conducted the experiment in a play nursery. Children at different ages were used in both studies: from birth to 18 months in the Attachment Theory, and from three to six years in the Social Learning Theory. In the Social Learning Theory experiment, all the children were pre-tested for aggression before the behavior was introduced to one group. No behavior was introduced in the Attachment Theory study, infants were observed in their normal routine and daily interactions. One final observable difference between the studies was that a controlled group was used in the â€Å"Bobo Doll Experiment† of The Social Learning Theory, while no controlled group was used in the Attachment Theory study (McLeod 2009, 2011). The Attachment Theory study results indicate that babies develop attachment in the following sequence: (1) up to three months of age where the baby responds equally to any caregiver, (2) after four months where there is a preference for certain people, (3) after seven months where there is a special preference for a single attachment figure, (4) and after nine months where they develop multiple attachments. The conclusion of the study proved babies look to particular people for security, comfort and protection. Fear and unhappiness is shown when separated from that special person. According to the study the most important thing in forming attachment is not who feeds and changes the child, but who plays and communicates with him or her (McLeod, 2009). In the second study, the â€Å"Bobo Doll Experiment† findings supported Bandura’s Social Learning Theory. Children learn social behavior such as aggression through the process of observation learning, i.e. watching the behavior of another person. During the â€Å"experiment† the children exposed to the violent model tended to imitate the exact behavior they had observed when the adult left the room. The children in the non-aggressive group behave less aggressively than those in the control group, and boys behaved more aggressively than girls. The study also showed that boys who observed an adult male behaving violently were more influenced than those who had observed a female model aggressive behavior. Boys were more likely to imitate physical acts of violence, while girls were more likely to imitate verbal aggression (McLeod, 2011). Many experts believe today, that behavior and development are influenced by both nature and nurture; one does not exist without the other. Some psychologists believe that learning continues even through adulthood. While few people take the extreme inherited or extreme environmental approach, researchers and experts are now consumed with the degree to which biology and environment influence behavior. References McLeod, S. A. (2011). Albert Bandura/ Social learning theory- Simply psychology. Retrieved 10/01/2013 from http://www. simplypsychology. org/baddura. html McLeod, S. A. (2009). Attachment Theory – Simply psychology. Retrieved 10/04/2013 from http://www. simplypsychology. org/attachment. html McLeod, S. A. (2011). Bobo Doll Experiment- Simply psychology. Retrieved 10/03/2013 from http://www. simplypsychology. org/bobo-doll. html McLeod, S. A. (2011). Nature Nurture in Psychology- Simply psychology. Retrieved 10/05/2013 from http://www. simplypsychology. org/naturevsnurture. html.

Advantages of using CNG

Appeared like a monster for the first clip in 1999 and threatened all Egyptians, it was immense, unsafe and cruel. So the Egyptian authorities declared the war against it, and started to take serious actions. Now its 2009 but no alteration, it ‘s still there darkening the skies of Cairo from October to December doing a batch of environmental and wellness casualties. Apart from the grey looking skies and atrocious odor distributing in metropoliss, the Monster causes Respiratory jobs. Mahmoud Abdel Majeed, caput of Abbasiya Chest Diseases Hospital, said, † People suffer from take a breathing troubles, coughing and sometimes respiratory failure which requires unreal respiration. † Adding that kids and the aged were the most at hazard. Most of you now know who the monster is, it ‘s the BLACK CLOUD. Funny enough that it ‘s non a natural phenomenon but it is chiefly caused by us! ! Harmonizing to some statistics it ‘s said that 40 % of the pollution is f rom the combustion of rice straws, another 23 % from vehicle exhausts – as Cairo now has about 4.3 million vehicles in its streets. Factory emanations besides cause 23 % and 6 % from combustion of wastes. We need solutions! One of the solutions is to utilize Compressed Natural Gas ( CNG ) as a fuel for autos alternatively gasolene. Natural gas autos are non different from gasolene fuelled autos except that the natural gas autos are fuelled by CNG non gasolene. And its mechanism is so simple ; when u get down your engine, the CNG enters a regulator that reduces the force per unit area before come ining the fuel-injection system. The gas is so assorted with air and injected into the cylinders of the engine where it ‘s ignited by a flicker stopper ensuing in an detonation which is used to drive the Piston. CNG is non merely good for the environment but besides as for persons there are other benefits. Using CNG is a new revolution which has economical, environmental and proficient pros, yet non all people use CNG as a fuel for their autos for different grounds. CNG is rather economical ; it ‘s about tierce of the monetary value of regular gas, good intelligence for the low paid and cab drivers. Besides people who own a natural gas auto will hold some revenue enhancement inducements ; the authorities makes them pay fewer revenue enhancements as a wages for lending in protecting the environment from pollution. Further more, the cost of care of natural gas autos is really low in long term compared to that of gasolene autos. From all sides, CNG is rather more economical than gasolene. The chief advantage of utilizing CNG as a fuel is because it ‘s environmentally friendly. Since it is the cleanest firing fossil fuel, as methane Burnss cleaner than crude oil fuels. Harmonizing to a study by the Air Pollution Research Department at the National Research Center in Cairo, it was found that, â€Å" compared to petrol, CNG has a critical potency to cut down C monoxide, hydrocarbon and C dioxide concentrations in fumes released from electronic fuel-injection and well-carbureted engines by an norm of 73 per centum and 66 per centum, 39 per centum and 31 per centum and 21 per centum and 19 per centum, severally. † With these figures, CNG became a friend to the environment and people every bit good, since it causes no or less negative wellness effects than the crude oil or gasolene. Using CNG besides has some proficient advantages. CNG gives a high compaction ratio, which means that most of the fuel is burnt. The advantage of high compaction ratio is that it gives the engine a higher HP ratio ensuing in a high public presentation engine. One of the best things about CNG is that u can change over your auto to be natural gas fuelled. The transition procedure is an easy procedure ; it is merely fitting storage armored combat vehicles in the bole of the vehicle and put ining injection noses in the engine. After this U will hold a bi-fuel vehicle! Bi-fuel vehicles have the capableness to exchange between utilizing gasolene and other fuel like CNG manually or automatically to run the auto, what do we necessitate more! ! But what makes some people refuse or afraid to change over their autos to natural gas autos? Well, like everything in the universe, CNG has some disadvantages excessively. First, the transition procedure can be dearly-won as he/she will hold to purchase the transition kit and wage for the machinist who will change over it. Yes CNG is cheaper in monetary value, but this is when you replenish your auto but when it comes to transition, it can be dearly-won. Another disadvantage is†¦

Strategy of international Business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words - 1

Strategy of international Business - Assignment Example The competition analysis indicates that the firm may not have to face any severe competition in the industry which in turn can prove to be lucrative for the firm. Depending on these analyses, the company will devise its market entry strategy that will allow it to have access to the desired customer base and create the desired brand image. The internationalization of the business activities will also be based on creating a perfect product fit for the market, which in turn will help the company to meet the ongoing needs of the customers. Entering into a new market requires a thorough market research and an effective market entry strategy for the company which is seeking forward to expand in the host market. Internationalization is one of the most effective ways of expanding one’s business as it offers a larger customer base and a different market environment which may prove to be lucrative for the company (Lee and Carter, 2011). The advent of globalization has made it easier for the firms to expand its business to overseas locations. This as a result has attracted several companies to expand its business to foreign countries, in a hope that the company will be able to maintain a sustainable growth. This paper is based on the market entry strategies of All Communication LLC in the Indian market. It will discuss about the right market fit of the products and services offered by the company in the host market. All Communication LLC is a networking company which is an authorized dealer of Dishnetwork, Directv and several other companies like Sony, Onkyo, Sonos and Sanus (All Communications, 2015). The company was established in the year 2010 in Miami. It offers several networking and satellite communication services and equipments and caters to both business customers and end users. All Communications is best known for its quality assurance and dedication. The rapid

I need an OUTLINE done The outline needs to be about A Taste Of Honey Essay

I need an OUTLINE done The outline needs to be about A Taste Of Honey by Shelagh Delaney - Essay Example I intend to challenge the notion that we as a British Society have changed, even in the wake of liberal ,legal and social reforms. The play was written in 1958 when Divorces were a taboo, there was lesser minority representation amongst the society and single parenting was looked down upon as a religious and social offence. Gay marriages or open homosexual cohabitations were unheard of because such people were at a risk of bodily harm if their sexual orientation was made public. My thesis will focus around the life of the women (Helen and Jo)and their problems in the setting of the 1950's.From the opening of the play the focus is on the women (Helen/Jo), their problems and their attempts to cope with life. There will also be a focus on their increased hostility and dialogue structure. Jo's frustration with Helen's relationship with Peter and her loneliness is also analyzed.My aim will be to highlight Jo's interracial relationship with her black boyfriend Jimmi who she has a sexual relationship with after she feels depressed by Helens departure to a happy matrimonial life.She subsequently gets pregnant and he leaves her.She is forced to share the flat with the good natured Geoff who is also Gay.The way he gets treated when he attempts a friendly reconciliation between Jo and Helen is a reminiscent of the attitude of the society towards bisexuals in those days. There are further raci

The Growth of California in the Late 19th Century and the Development Essay

The Growth of California in the Late 19th Century and the Development of a Unique State History - Essay Example Change came for California beginning in the middle of the 19th century. Previously owned by Mexico, then the Spanish as a consequence of Spanish advance towards the Pacific, in 1848 the land changed from the Spanish2, and in 1850 it was admitted to the Union of the United States of America3. Despite this, interest in the state by Americans was not immediate, and it took until near the end of the 19th century for the news of ‘merchant adventures’ to reach the ears of Americans, and for them to begin to develop a fascination with the state4. This change in statehood was of crucial importance, as under Spanish rule, colonists of California were restricted from trading with the Americans. However, as a consequence of the necessity of the trading, and the daring of the Americans, trade often happened despite the restrictions5. A second force that struck in the middle of the 19th century was the gold rush which began in 1849. This resulted in the rapid migration of many more i ndividuals that would normally occur in the course of settlement. Men, women and children travelled many hundreds of miles of dangerous and unknown terrain for the hope California and the promised riches offered. The gold was not the only driver, for California offered a large supply of game, natural resources and many possibilities6. In May of 1869, another monumental step was made; the Central Pacific Railway was completed. The tracks spanned the United States from the East to the West, linking the Pacific and the Atlantic Oceans. This success meant large changes for California, oxen were no longer crossing the terrain carrying weary travelers, and the populations at the mines were dwindling. Instead the cities and agriculture began to grow substantially, with migrants coming to the state through the railroad7 (Cleland – 394-396). The final change which set California free to grow as a state and to form its own history and future was the rewrite of the constitution of 18798 .By this time the state was already growing rapidly, and was recognized among the ten most urbanized states within the United States, with its agricultural prowess growing at a fast rate9. The constitution developed in 1949 was powerful, and the constitutions of 21 other states were consulted when deciding how to word the constitution. It represented a complete rejection of all the legal systems that had occurred in California prior to it becoming a state10. The 1879 rewrite of the constitution built on this, becoming a strong document, and empowering California to move forward as a state. The period between the mid and the late 19th century was a period of turbulent change for California. Before it even joined the Union, the Spanish state had experienced an extreme influx of migrants from throughout the country as a consequence of the gold rush and the desire for a better land to settle. The changes incorporating the growing state into the new Union as well as the increase connecti on through the rail system, and the revised constitution gave California the space to grow and to develop as a state in its own right, forming its own unique history. Bibliography Cleland, R. G. A History of California: The American Period, The Macmillan company 1922). Pincetl, S. S. Transforming California: A Political History of Land

Low Cost Airlines Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Low Cost Airlines - Essay Example For more than a decade now, the potential of the low-cost airline business has been evident from the huge capitalization of these airlines at stock market spheres (Brock, 2000). For example, at the start of the current decade, in 2002, Ryanair realized a market capitalization of 4.9 billion Euros, which was 45 percent more, when compared to the levels realized by British Airways (Rhoades, 2008). The increased uptake of low-cost airlines was evident from its revenue levels, which were approximated at 20 times compared to that of the traditional competitor (Dempsey and Goetz, 1992). The huge success of starter low-cost airlines in the industry has led to the emergence of new airlines in the same category and using the same business, trying to mirror their strategies. The success of these airlines can also be traced from the fact that they have stimulated a new class of demand, which offers evidence that they are not getting their customers from traditional airlines; low-cost airlines a re attracting new demand and customers into the industry (Dresner, Lin and Windle, 1996). Due to the major impact of low-cost airlines, traditional airlines have acknowledged the threat of the growing competition; therefore, have reacted to the new business model, especially in the line of business travel (Meyer and Menzies, 2000). This paper will explore the success strategies of low-cost airlines; explore the factors behind their success, analyze their business model and prospect their growth. The deregulation of air transport Following the enactment of the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978, the control of airline business and services was, to some extent, moved from the political system to the market system (Dempsey and Goetz, 1992). Deregulation refers to the change of the control exercised over air travel from the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB), which administrated the entry of airlines into the business, their exit and the pricing of airline services, to the partial control and administration of business systems and infrastructure. Deregulation also featured the abolishment of the CAB’s control of mergers, intercarrier agreements and customer affairs (Dempsey and Goetz, 1992). The complete shift of the control took place after the endorsement of the CAB sunset ACT of 1984, which gave way to the economic liberalization of the management of air travel, which was part of deregulation, which was started after the realization that the political control of the economy did not serve the best interests of the public (Dempsey and Goetz, 1992). The air freedoms that came after deregulation Following the deregulation of the management and the control of airline services, all airline operators were allowed the freedom to operate on any route that they chose to operate. The operators of air travel services were allowed the freedom to set the fares of their travel services like they deemed fit, which would be influenced by the forces of demand, and the supply of air travel services (Dempsey and Goetz, 1992). During the time before the deregulation, there were some carriers that were not allowed to operate out of specified states, but after deregulation, these carriers were allowed to fly and operate across the country, without any limitations. Following the deregulation of the air travel industry, the restrictions that had been set in the way of entry into the industry were abolished (Dempsey and Goet

The Stasi Officer in The Lives of Others Movie Review

The Stasi Officer in The Lives of Others - Movie Review Example They submit secret reports on their co-workers, bosses, friends, neighbors, and even family members. Some do so voluntarily, but many are bribed or blackmailed into collaboration. When the movie begins, the interrogator, Wiesler, seeks a confession from a political prisoner. The accused is made to sit on his hands and is forced to stay awake. Wiesler informs his victim that merely to question the integrity of the Stasi is itself a serious crime. When the necessary confession has been obtained, Wiesler places the cloth from the seat the prisoner has been sitting on in a bottle for the use of tracker dogs. The tape recording of this scene is used to lecture recruits in the art of interrogation. In the process, Weisler is asked a question about the possibility that a victim is innocent. He puts a little cross beside the inquirer's name. At the end of his lecture, an old school friend, Lieutenant-Colonel Anton Grubitz, now head of the Stasi's Cultural Department arrives. Grubitz takes Wiesler to the theatre and suggests that he take an interest in a potentially dissident playwright, Georg Dreyman, whose beautiful girlfriend, Christa-Marie Sieland is appearing in his new play. An influential cultural minister (Bruno Hempf) has designs on the actress and intends to use the Stasi to tarnish the playwright. Wiesler is assigned to the case by his old friend and proceeds to bug the writer's flat and put him under 24-hour surveillance with an eye toward getting him out of the way. As the Captain listens to Dreyman and his girlfriend he begins to like them. Later on, he comes to doubt what he is doing and to suspect the patriotism of those around him. He develops human sympathies for people his superior believes to be suffering from a sickness known as 'anthropocentrism'. He finally becomes moved to question the state tyranny to whose service he has dedicated his whole life. Finally, he provides false reports to his boss, Lt. Col. Anton Grubitz, until the publication of Dreyman's article about suicides raises questions about the few secretly anti-Communist writers who have not already been forced to commit suicide by threats from the secret police. Eventually, Grubitz authorizes a search of the couple's apartment. Since Dreyman has hidden the typewriter under a floorboard, the search reveals nothing. Then Grubitz arrests Christa-Maria, assigns interrogation to Wiesler, who threatens to end her career if she will not talk, so she does. The secret police then organize a second search. However, Wiesler quickly goes to the apartment and disposes of the typewriter before the second search. When the search team arrives, Christa-Maria cannot face her partner, so she leaves the apartment, walks into a passing truck, and dies. Dreyman, however, is in the clear. Realizing that Wiesler has either extracted a false confession or is responsible for the incriminating typewriter, Grubitz demotes him to letter opening or mailman. The events in the story take place in 1984-1985. Mikhail Gorbachev is chosen as the leader of the Soviet Union in 1985, and three years later the Berlin wall falls. Fast forward to 1991, Dreyman leaves the performance of a play and accidentally runs into the culture minister, Bruno Hempf, who in turn tells him to his surprise that he was under constant surveillance. He then goes to the archives of the former East German government to examine

Applying Risk Management Consulting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Applying Risk Management Consulting - Essay Example In general, risks may vary from operational, strategic, financial, networking to marketing and such. Thus risks are inevitable though undesired. The correct definition of â€Å"risk† as such, depends upon the situation pertinent to it. Identifying and understanding risks is the most crucial part in any risk management principle. Once the risk factors are identified, a thorough analysis is undertaken after which appropriate measures are taken to eliminate, control or reduce them. In the given case of Riordan Manufacturing Inc., a virtual organization, the following study discusses the network system of the different branches of the organization at varied geographic locations. The current network topology reveals vulnerabilities in diverse points and is prone to risks that can be eliminated or minimised adopting certain effective security measures. For a large organization like Riordan Manufacturing, security is an overriding concern. In the current scenario, of networking threats and hacking techniques being reinvented and developing every minute, it is crucial for the network administrator of any network, be it small or big , to implement stringent security measures to prevent any damages. Damages may either be in the form of leakage, destruction, manipulation or misuse of data, intrusion into the home network hindering smooth flow of operations thereby eliciting huge financial losses. Considered to be the building block of network protection,risk itself, should be the backbone of the designed safety strategies and the resulting security architecture. â€Å"Risk management† (Commercial Insights Risk Management Insights, 2012). principles are generally evolved considering factors both of internal and external natures. Internal factors may be assets, vulnerabilities or policies while external factors may be threats, legal or business forces.So, in conducting risk analysis, the foremost issue that comes up is, in identifying the threats the system are

Short writing assignments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Short writing assignments - Essay Example This new technology will offer a solution to the challenge most webcam users face due to the impossibility of having an eye contact with the person one is chatting with. In addition, users will not need to face the camera. This transparent film utilizes a small amount of the light passing through it, and focuses it to the ends of the sheets. This has different sensors, whose role will be to form the image, which hits the sheet. However, this image sensor, like other cameras today still needs focusing. Presently, the resolution of this image sensor is still being worked on. So far, it is limited, and only produces images that are not up to standard. This is in addition to much noise that it produces in the process. However, as the scientists continue working on this, all these issues will be resolved to produce a more reliable image sensor, which is expected to be adopted by more people, since it is a new technology. The scientific process surrounding this new technology is quite complicated, as explained in the article. However, I find this whole idea brilliant and fascinating. I love photos and therefore, I believe this new technology will be much embraced by people, who also like photos. Nonetheless, the benefits this technology carries will make even more people to like photos, since this will be easy to use, and will produce more quality

Case Study Analysis of an employee Essay Example for Free

Case Study Analysis of an employee Essay This case study for student analysis will look at an employee of ABC, Inc., Carl Robins, the new recruiter of only six months and his struggle to hold orientation for fifteen new hires. There are various factors that play a part of why Carl struggles to meet the promised deadline that is fast approaching. This analysis will focus on time management, job performance, and company organizational issues that are key problems with how Carl is performing his job, but will also look at how ABC, Inc. management team play is playing a part in Carl’s struggle to meet his deadline. This analysis will show alternative solutions, a proposed solution, and a recommendation that will prevent future struggles for Carl and all other employees at ABC, Incorporated. Carl Robins is the new recruiter for ABC, Inc. Carl has been in his new position for six months now. In the six month timeframe, Carl has successfully hired fifteen new trainees. Now that the trainees are hired, Carl’s next objective is to hold an orientation on June 15th at one time for all fifteen new hires. The orientation date is to ensure Carl will have all the new hires ready to start working by July for the Operations Manager, Monica Carrolls. On May 15th Carl is contacted by Monica Carrolls to discuss with Carl everything needed for the new hires to begin orientation; the training schedule, manuals, policy booklets, physicals, drug test, and other things. Two weeks later, Carl decides to go over the trainee files and realizes some trainees’ paperwork are incomplete and missing. All of the new hires still need to take a mandatory drug screen test. During this time, Carl becomes aware that he does not have enough copies of the orientation manuals and on top of that, there is not one complete orientation manual to make copies. Lastly, Carl checks out the training room he book earlier in the month and finds Joe, from technology services, is setting up computer terminals for training seminars for the entire month of June. Carl will need to find a new place to hold orientation. Ca rl is panicking and does not know how to proceed at this point. (University of Phoenix, 2014) There are numerous key problems to focus on with Carl as well as with ABC, Inc. Starting with Carl, some of  the key problems Carl is having includes his apparent lack of time management. Carl is also having organizational and communication issues. Carl insufficient knowledge of how to apply these skills are playing a huge factor in Carl’s struggle to be prepared and ready for orientations on June 15th. Carl also appears to have insufficient knowledge about his position and what his responsibilities requires of him daily to meet his scheduled orientation and promised deadline to have all the new hires working by July. Looking at Carl’s timeline, he hires the new trainees in the beginning of April. Carl knows he has a little over two months before orientation is scheduled will be held for the new hires. On May 15th Carl receives a call from Monica, the Operations Manager, to go over the needs for orientation to be successful. It appears that Carl does nothing for over a month in regards to checking on the status of each new hire. What is Carl doing in this timeframe needs to be investigated. Carl waits until two weeks before the scheduled orientation to finally check on the trainees’ files. It seems there is no communication between Carl and Human Resources at all. Carl should be in contact with Human Recourses about the status of each new hires paperwork and on a consistent basis. It would appear that Carl is not doing his job efficiently. ABC, Inc. has some underlying key problems that have contribute a great deal to Carl’s struggle to meet the scheduled orientation date. ABC, Inc. has failed to support Carl in his new position. There is a lack of supervision to help guide Carl. ABC, Inc. also shows there is an apparent breakdown in communication between its employees. Human Resources must not now about the orientation date for the new hires and therefore seems to be taking their time in getting all the paperwork in for each new hire. Another communication breakdown is the situation about Joe and Carl both being able to book the training room to use on June 15th. There are many alternative solutions for Carl to successfully meet his orientation deadline of June 15th and have the new trainees ready to start work for the Operations Manager by July. Carl should contact Monica Carrolls, the Operations Manager, and find out if there is anyone in the company who would be able to help assist him with getting everything in order for orientation. If there is no one in the company available to help Carl at this time, then Carl needs to find out if he has the authority to hire an outside source, if he does not, then wh o does? Time is of the  essence to have everything competed for orientation. This person will help assist Carl in completing the following tasks; contacting each new hire to schedule a drug test, make sure all necessary documents are completed, turned in, find someone in the company who has a complete orientation manual, make copies, and find a new place to have orientation. Carl is new and this his 1st recruitment orientation, he should be held responsible to check in with the Operations Manager or whoever is Carl’s Manager and give them a daily report of what he has accomplished each day and what is left to still be accomplished to meet the orientation date. All of these solutions are a Band-Aid and will aid in Carl successfully holding orientation. However, they are not solutions for the root of the problems facing ABC, Inc. Even though the struggle focuses on Carl Robins and his inability to do his job correctly, the proposed solution is directed towards ABC, Incorporated Management Team. The Management Team should be held responsible. Carl Robins is new to the company. It is apparent that Carl’s lack of experience and work history is not matched up properly for the position of recruiter. Carl clearly does not understand what it takes for him to hold successfully orientation on June 15th. Carl is going blindly about his job responsibilities without a clear understanding of time restraints for each task he needs to perform. There should be supervision over Carl on a daily basis due to this being his 1st recruitment orientation assignment. ABC, Inc. Management Team should put into place a Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for each position in the company. Clearly outlining each position and it responsibilities as well as including a flow chart showing who each position reports to. At this time, it is recommended that ABC, Inc. have each and every employee attend a several work seminars. It would be best for the company to start with a seminar that will focus on learning how to communicate well with each other inside the company, how to speak up about company problems and ask for help, and learn how to work together as a team unit. A time management seminar is highly suggested and would be of great help to the company as well. Each employee should learn time management skills, how to manage their time, their workflow, and how to prioritize their job responsibilities. Another recommendation, department mangers take a seminar about being team leaders. They need to understand what exactly their employees are doing in their daily routines. Department  managers are strongly encouraged to meet with each employee and have a one on one meeting. The meeting should target each manager finding out how the employee feels about their position, what they feel the pros and cons are for their position, and if the employee have any struggles in their position that need attention. These seminars and personal one on one attention with the employees will give tools for each employee to use in becoming successful in their positions and the company as a whole. It will also boost employee morale and would be a great gesture on the company’s behalf to show the employees that the company values them, is willing to investing time in each one of them, and you care about them. In return, the company should see significant improvement in time management and communication. References Case Study for Student Analysis, University of Phoenix, 2014

Theories of Work and Identity

Theories of Work and Identity Discuss: Work is a big portion of a person’s life. To say that work is a big portion of a person’s life is a understatement of large proportions. Children are raised with one or both parents who make it a priority. They are raised to make it a priority. They work virtually all their lives. They retire from it. It can be intrusive and ubiquitous and the fact that it is both a noun and a verb does not begin to hint at the complexity of it. In beginning to consider it, a nature path would be to define its nature. Is it feathered or scaled, or more accurately, is it to be relegated as a science of economics, sociology or something else entirely? Many regard it as a pure function of applied economics (Block, Berg, Belman 2004, p. 94). It seems right to regard it as such as at its most basic level it is a about an exchange relationship in which two parties trade something the one owns for something the other owns. Whether this exchange is of time, expertise, property, or ideas is irrelevant. The exchange takes place in a form of a market while both discrete and often not-so-discrete forces are at ‘work’ to set the value of the exchange. These forces, laws of supply and demand, invisible hands and the like seek to maximize the utility of the trade to both parties. As a consequence of the nature of the relationship being able to be characterized by an ‘exchange’, work can also be considered by a legal or contractual basis. By virtue of this, there are certain very explicit rules that govern the conduct of either party with regard to the fulfillment of their respective duties. Such laws, as for example in the United States, often fall under a Department of Labor and generally includes such standards as a forty-hour work week, harassment and discrimination provisions, minimum pay and pay frequency specifications as well as provisions regarding collective bargaining. The goal of such a perspective is to serve as something of a bridge between not only the economic interests of both parties but the social impact of work to the workers. In modern world, a typical exchange takes place between the individual and the organization. With this type of exchange, there are a number of additional concerns and issues that become relevant. In the first place there is generally an asymmetry of power in which the owners of capital employ individuals in masse to literally make up the corporate body and to wield profit maximizing power on employees. This imbalance is potentially offset by the previously mentioned ability of certain workers to partake in collective bargaining actions such as the formation of unions that ultimately can help to give the individual worker a larger voice. This power is wielded as a consequence of the corporation’s greater resources to enforce the often contractual nature of the exchange. Also, as corporate budgets generally exceed those of individuals the ration of the loss to the total ‘budget’ is greater. In addition, as a corporation does not have emotions, the consequences of a ‘failed agreement’ are often of significant magnitude to the individual. Though the worth of the individual worker is indeed significant to the corporation for, without him, the corporation would ‘die’, the time horizon of the two parties is vastly different. This idea is eloquently expressed by Adam Smith, â€Å"In the long-run the workman may be as necessary to his master as his master is to him; but the necessity is not so immediate† (Smith 1976, p.84). As the nature of work is at least partly economic, to ignore the basic issues of business management would be unpardonable. From Taylor’s beginning of scientific management to the â€Å"high performance work systems† of today, the nature of managing the individual worker presents a range of methods devised in order to maximize the economic return of work. While Taylor’s command-and-control methods largely regarded the average laborer as incapable of being able to self-manage, they did nonetheless create vast increases in efficiency and paved the way for the development of very large organizations. Interestingly enough, these techniques, or at least, the implementation, of them has been supplanted by the like’s of Stanford’s Pfeffer is able to rigorously document the superlativity of a complete system of seven key human resource practices that, when fully integrated into an organization produce superior financial returns to the organization. In place of timed work, close supervision and continuous thrusts for greater efficiency through centralized decision-making, consider the characteristics of the ‘modern’ high performance organization (Taylor 1917; Pfeffer 1998, pp. 64-65): Employment security Selective hiring Decentralized decision-making Comparatively high compensation Extensive training Egalitarian work place Extensive information sharing. Despite the fundamental economic nature of work, there is another side that, were it go unmentioned, the discussion would utterly fail to consider the other perspective on work: that of the individual employee. Even as an economic premise entirely, the goal of which is to increase the profit and well-being of the individual, the sociological aspects of work merit full consideration (Stiglitz 2002, p. 1). In consideration of the individual, it is reasonable that one might consider the very contractual nature of work to be akin to that of a â€Å"social exchange† process through which individuals and groups of individuals engage in transactions (Dreher Dougherty 2002, p. 41). These exchanges are clearly governed first by applicable laws and regulations, perhaps secondly by organizational policies and procedures and thirdly and perhaps most notably, they are regulated by the very nature of individuals to ascribe to something that might resemble a common values system. In this system is the seemingly natural component of a sense of â€Å"fairness†. This guides innumerable behaviors as the individual inevitably seeks a form of â€Å"reciprocal altruism† in which, in addition to following self-serving fulfillment of their own needs, individuals appear to operate on the assumption that there is a bigger picture of morals and the â€Å"right thing† involved (Fred erick Wasieleski 2002, pp.284). An additional consideration of the social nature of work and ensuing issues is the idea that, for many, work is the process by which â€Å"identity† is established. Consider the typical introduction at a party or other function†¦ first, one gives their name and then, almost inevitably either their occupation or work relation status to the host (i.e., â€Å"I work with Ted†, â€Å"I am a client†, etc.). This phenomenon, Social Identity Theory, is quite relevant to the workplace in that it forces one to consider the psychological implications of doing business (Ashforth Mael 1989, pp. 20-21; Stiglitz 2002, p. 1). Bridging this concept with the representation that work is fundamentally an exchange relationship is the idea of the psychological contract. Just as there are explicit rules governing work expectations, so too are there implicit rules. The rules are communicated by the culture of the firm, the seemingly accepted behaviors of others in a similar posit ion and other verbal and non-verbal queues. The conditions of the contract are primarily mediated by the individual’s manager, the immediate representation of the organization in the mind of the individual (Rousseau 2000, February). Thus, it is through the social processes of work that an individual gains an understand of who they are but also gain particular knowledge of the mutual obligations of the economic exchange. In summary, work is. It is: what, why, how, when. It is the noun and the verb, the result as well as the process. A discussion of which cannot omit the fundamental economic nature of it yet one cannot ignore the precepts of sociology and psychology woven into every single ‘unit of production’, the individual worker. Any discussion of work which does not give full deliberation the simultaneous dichotomy is to only give half the argument and less than that for the appreciation of what work represents, to the organization, the individual and to society. Works Consulted Ashforth, B. F. Mael. (1989). â€Å"Social Identity Theory and the Organization†. Academy of Management Review (14), 1, pp. 20-39. Block, R., Berg, P. and Belman, D. (2004). â€Å"The Economic Dimension of the Employment Relationship†, in Coyle –Shepard, J. Shore, L. Taylor, M. and Tetrick, L., (eds.). The Employment Relationship: Examining Psychological and Contextual Perspectives. Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK. Dreher, G. and Dougherty, T. (2002). Human Resource Strategy: A Behavioral Perspective for the General Manager. McGraw-Hill Irwin: Boston, Massachusetts. Frederick, W. and Wasieleski, D. (2002). â€Å"Evolutionary Social Contracts†. Business and Society Review, (107), 3, pp. 283-308. Pfeffer, J. (1998). The Human Equation: Building Profits by Putting People First. Harvard Business School Press: Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Rosseau, D. (2000, February). Psychological Contract Inventory Technical Report. Carnegie Mellon University: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA . Smith, A. (1976). An Inquiry into the Nature and the Causes of the Wealth of Nation., R.H. Campbell and A.S. Skinner, eds. Clarendon Press:. Oxford, UK Stitlitz, J. (2002). â€Å"Employment, Social Justice and Societal Well-Being†. International Labour Review, (141), 1-2, pp. 9-29. Taylor, F. (1911). The Principles of Scientific Management. Harper: New York, New York.

Jane Eyre :: essays research papers

Jane Eyre was taken in by her Uncle Reed at a young age. He loved her and cared for her which made his wife very jealous. When Mr. Reed died, he requested that Mrs. Reed raise Jane as if she were her own child. She agreed by treated Jane very badly. Jane, being of strong character, endured the endless hours of beating from her evil cousin John and the relentless insults from her aunt and cousins, Georgiana and Eliza. One day Mrs. Reed found a way to finally get rid of Jane, she sent her to the Lowood School for girls. The girls had to make their own cloths, live in a filthy environment, and eat food that was barely good enough to eat. She was forced to endure the harsh living conditions of Mr. Brocklehurst’s school while the headmaster and his family lived in comfort. The state of this school eventually caused an epidemic that caused the death of Jane’s best friend Helen. This brought attention to the school and a nicer man took control of the facility. Jane finished h er years there and stayed for two more as a teacher.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Eventually Jane became tired of her surroundings and went out in search of a new life. She accepted the position of governess to a little French girl named Adele. Adele was a little spoiled but soon started to accomplish a lot under the care of Jane. One day Jane meets the rude and unconventional Mr. Rochester. She eventually finds herself falling in love with him when he brings a woman home. Jane has convinced herself that he is going to propose to the spoiled, snobby Blanche Ingram. Mr. Rochester proposes to Jane but at the wedding she finds out that he is already married. The strange noises in the attic that supposedly come from the drunk servant named Grace Poole really come from Bertha Mason, the insane wife of Mr. Rochester. Jane decides that the marriage would never work, runs away, and is forced to live on the streets. She is taken in by three nice people by the names of Mary, Diana, and St. John Rivers. They help her get work and eventually tell her that they are really her cousins. She inherits money from her late uncle which she shares with her cousins. St. John asks her to marry him but she refuses because she does not love him.

Human Growth Hormones Effects on Normal and hGH Deficient Children Ess

Human Growth Hormone's Effects on Normal and hGH Deficient Children What is Human Growth Hormone? Human Growth Hormone (hGH) has many uses with today's medical technology. For instance, hGH has proven to be very useful in treating Chronic Renal Insufficiency and Turner's Syndrome in girls (http://www.novo.dk/backgrou/backgrou/bahghuk.htm). Promising studies have also been performed and completed using hGH to quicken the repair of wounds, torn cartliage, and non-healing fractures, as well as treating juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthosis (http://www.novo.dk/backgrou/backgrou/bahghuk.htm). Perhaps Human Growth Hormone's most vital and "popular" function is treating children with a deficiency in their natural hGH levels and children who are shorter than their peers but have no hGH deficiency. Human Growth Hormone is a hormone produced in the pituitary gland of humans and is secreted throughout a person's life. hGH is important in children during their years of growth and in adult metabloism (http://www.novo.dk/backgrou/backgrou/bahghuk.htm). hGH is a protein consisting of 191 amino acids, with a molecular weight of 21,700 (http://www.eng.rpi.edu/dept/chem-eng/Biotech-Environ/FUNDAMNT/human.htm). What is Growth Hormone Deficiency? Growth Hormone Deficiency is defined as disorders of the hypothalamus, pituitary, or of growth hormone (GH) secretion and metabolism which result in short stature (http://www.icondata.com/health/pedbase/files/GROWTHHO.HTM). A Growth Hormone Deficiency may occur at any time during infancy or childhood, with the most obvious sign being a noticeable slowing of growth (http://www.medhelp.org/web/disframe.htm). Incidence of a GH deficiency is 1/4,000-10,000, and males have more oc... ...tature Caused by Growth Hormone Deficiency. Journal of Pediatrics, 130:205-209. Rosenfeld, R.G. (1997). Is Growth Hormone Just a Tall Story? Journal of Pediatrics, 130:172- 173. Sandberg, D.E. et al. (1994). Growth Hormone: Not For All Short Children. Pediatrics, 94:832-840. Links http://php2.silverplatter.com/physicians/digest/abstract/abst73.htm http://www.gene.com/pressrelease/1981/1_12_81.html http://www.endo-society.org/pubaffai/factshee/shrtstat.htm http://www.immunet.org/immunet/atn.nsf/page/ZQX22601.html http://www.eng.rpi.edu/dept/chem-eng/Biotech-Environ/FUNDAMNT/human.htm http://www.novo.dk/backgrou/backgrou/bahghuk.htm http://www.medhelp.org/web/growth.htm http://www.medhelp.org/web/disframe.htm http://laran.waismen.wisc.edu/fv/www/lib_grow.htm http://www.icondata.com/health/pedbase/files/GROWTHHO.HTM

Role Reflection In Nursing

The nursing role is rapidly evolving as nurses are tasked with an even wider range of health care responsibilities. In hospitals, clinics, and care centers around the US, nurses are rising to meet these challenges. Today's nurses are not just caring for the sick; they are changing our very notion of modern medicine and health care delivery. A nurse's role is about being a more effective member of the health care team and navigating clinical systems. No matter the work environment, all nurses are members of the profession which implies accountability for one's professional image (Essentials ofBaccalaureate Education, 2008, p. 9). In my career as a nurse, my role has changed many times and began as a provider of direct patient care. My first job after graduation I worked as a bedside nurse on an Orthopedic and Rehabilitation floor in the hospital setting. As rehabilitation staff nurse, provided direct care and education on self-care including safe medication administration, sleep, nutr ition, safety, bowel and bladder care. I helped perform activities that served to maintain and restore function and prevent complications.I feel lucky to have had this opportunity as my first nursing role because of the team-based care coordination and the value based on each member of the interdisciplinary team. As I transitioned from a novice nurse to a more competent nurse, I gained perspective from planning my own actions based on critical thinking and organization. It was during this time that began to think of long-term goals pertaining to my nursing career. After two years, I was approached to train to cover the Care Coordinator role for the department of Orthopedic during her times of vacation and medical eave.This quickly turned into a full time position for me and took me away from direct bedside nursing. My main responsibilities were to assist the patient with transitions between healthcare settings, identify skills and expectations of patients and families in regard to t he rehabilitation process and help ensure the patient and his or her family understood their healthcare benefits. Enjoyed learning all the aspects of coordinating patient care for this population. Five years passed and accepted the Manager position of the Orthopedic Institute.It served me well to rely on the team based environment when I began honing my skills as a leader. I quickly learned to supervise and delegate to staff, manage a million dollar budget and remain visible and open to staff. Served my clinical area by developing, implementing and evaluating systems that ensure cost effective, quality patient care. There were times as a manager that my priorities were to maintain multiple projects in alignment with our vision. Communication was always a must for an effective relationship with staff and providers.As a ember of the profession of nursing I have been able to take part in many activities. Have joined professional organizations. I have enjoyed participating in research f or our Orthopedic population. Have participated in community events. It is very rewarding to be able to serve the community in which you live. Throughout my career, as a direct care provider and currently a manager of a patient care center, I have always insisted that patients and families come first and my primary goal is to provide safe quality care.A professional nurse must have the ability to think critically, mufti-task ND prioritize appropriately. I am truly honored to have chosen a profession that has allowed me the opportunity to grow and become the successful leader I am today. Am fully committed to furthering my education and focusing on the next chapter in my career. Nursing has become more complex in ways that could not have been imagined a generation ago. Now there is an imperative to be not just a great caregiver but a great innovator too. The demands of health care are calling for a new generation of thinkers who want to be agents of care innovation.Nursing is a profe ssion for the intellectually curious, lifelong learner. However, as nursing continues to evolve with new hospital structures, wonderful technology, and political challenges, the heart of the profession stays the same. Whatever the tools and technologies, the job of the nurse will remain caregiver and advocate for the most sick and vulnerable members of our communities. The field is growing and so are opportunities for nurse practitioners, DNA and PhD nurses, nurse educators, nurse-anesthetists, and nurse researchers.Great nurses take what they learn in their formal education and apply it to make surprising, difficult, life-or-death decisions every day. Feel that is why nursing education has such a crucial role to play. Getting an advanced nursing degree means preparing myself for a changing world of possibility. With the right skills and knowledge, the next generation of nurses can make a bigger difference for patients, communities, and our national health care environment. I am gla d to be part of such a rewarding profession.

Principles of Microeconomics Essay

1) If average movie ticket prices rise by about 5 percent and attendance falls by about 2 percent, other things being equal, the elasticity of demand for movie tickets is about: B. 0.4 2) A basic difference between microeconomics and macroeconomics is that microeconomics C. examines the choices made by individual participants in an economy, while macroeconomics considers the economy’s overall performance 3) An economist who is studying the relationship between the money supply, interest rates, and the rate of inflation is engaged in B. macroeconomic research 4) After several years of slow economic growth, world demand for petroleum began to rise rapidly in the 1990s. Much of the increase in demand was met by additional supplies from sources outside the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). OPEC, during this time, was unable to restrain output among members in its effort to lift oil prices. What best describes these events? C. The rise in demand shifted the demand for oil to the right. As price rose, the quantity of oil supplied rose. 5) Price elasticity of demand is the: D. percentage change in quantity demanded of a good divided by the percentage change in the price of that good 6) The distinction between supply and the quantity supplied is best made by saying that B. supply is represented graphically by a curve and the quantity supplied as a point on that curve associated with a particular price 7) When labor is the variable input, the average product equals the D. quantity of output divided by the number of workers 8) The increase in output obtained by hiring an additional worker is known as B. the marginal product 9) Which of the following is the best example of a long-run decision? A. An automobile manufacturing company is considering whether or not to invest in robotic equipment to develop a more cost-effective production technique. 10) Other things being equal, when average productivity falls, D. average variable cost must rise 11) According to economist Colin Camerer of the California Institute of Technology, many New York taxi drivers decide when to finish work by setting an income goal for themselves. If this is true, then on busy days when the effective hourly wage is higher, taxi drivers will B. work fewer hours than they will on slower days 12) A firm’s demand for labor is derived from the D. demand for its output 13) Owen runs a delivery business and currently employs three drivers. He owns three vans that employees use to make deliveries, but he is considering hiring a fourth driver. If he hires a fourth driver, he can schedule breaks and lunch hours so all three vans are in constant use, allowing him to increase deliveries per day from 60 to 75. This will cost an additional $75 per day to hire the fourth driver. The marginal cost per delivery of increasing output beyond 60 deliveries per day B. is $5 14) Expected economic profit per unit is equal to C. the difference between expected average price and expected average total cost 15) If a firm in a perfectly competitive market experiences a technological breakthrough, B. other firms would find out about it immediately 16) A significant difference between monopoly and perfect competition is that C. the monopolist’s demand curve is the industry demand curve, while the competitive firm’s demand curve is perfectly elastic 17) A monopoly firm is different from a competitive firm in that C. a monopolist can influence market price while a competitive firm cannot 18) The difference between a perfectly competitive firm and a monopolistically competitive firm is that a monopolistically competitive firm faces a D. downward-sloping demand curve and price exceeds marginal cost in equilibrium 19) As long as marginal cost is below marginal revenue, a perfectly competitive firm should A. increase production 20) Because a monopolistic competitor has some monopoly power, advertising to increase that monopoly power makes sense as long as the marginal C. benefit of advertising exceeds the marginal cost of advertising 21) In the Flint Hills area of Kansas, proposals to build wind turbines to generate electricity have pitted environmentalist against environmentalist. Members of the Kansas Sierra Club support the turbines as a way to reduce fossil fuel usage, while local chapters of the Nature Conservancy say they will befoul the landscape. The Sierra Club argues that wind turbines B. reduce negative externalities elsewhere in the economy 22) When negative externalities are present, market failure often occurs because A. the marginal external cost resulting from the activity is not reflected in the market price 23) A merger between a textile mill and a clothing manufacturing company would be considered a B. vertical merger 24) A merger between a baby food company and a life insurance company would be considered a C. conglomerate merger 25) The fact that U.S. managers’ salaries are substantially greater than those of comparable managers in Japan may be related to A. an increase in the demand for CEOs 26) Suppose people freely choose to spend 40 percent of their income on health care, but the government decides to tax 40 percent of a person’s income to provide the same level of coverage as before. What can be said about deadweight loss in each case? A. Taxing income results in deadweight loss, while purchasing health care on one’s own does not result in deadweight loss. 27) The U.S. textile industry is relatively small because the US imports most of its clothing. A clear result of the importation of clothing is D. the price of clothing is lower than it would be without imports 28) Countries can expect to gain from international trade as long as they B. specialize according to their comparative advantage 29) Which of the following is an example of the law of one price? D. Because their countries have similar institutions, the price paid for a computer in Germany and the United States are about the same when converted into the same currency. 30) From the point of view of consumer and producer surplus, what problem may be created when a country subsidizes the cost of energy to consumers to help alleviate the burden of higher energy costs? C. It encourages the consumption of too much fuel at the expense of other  goods.

Handle Information in Social Care Essay

The data protection act has been put in place to protect employees against the misuse of personal data, personal information will be stored in a file and may only be disclosed by law outside the company with the employees written consent , or where there is any danger to the employees health. It is important the company has a secure system to record and store information so that they can contact the employee , or in case of an emergency contact the next of kin . It is important to keep information up to date and accurate and correct any data straight away , and review personal data regularly to ensure all data is kept up to date Employees can receive a print on an annually basis to be sure that all their information is correct . All employees have the right to ask the employees to arrange for them to read all the personal data that is held for them because all employees have the right to access their personal data . Employees that have access to personal data must strictly go along with the policy and if these policies and procedures are not complied with it may be result in disciplinary action being taken against themselves. Any concerns that the employee may have over the recordings it must be brought to the attention of their employer straight away and should be dealt with accordingly . It is very important that data protection has been put in place to protect information on you service users and the information held should only be given out to the relevant people etc family and doctor . the information should be kept up to date to keep the information accurate . The care plan diary should be kept in a safe place due to the personal information it holds

An Essay on “Less than Zero”

Life is ever-changing, ever-moving in the passive world of today’s youth. This thought came to mind when I was reading Bret Easton Ellis’ novel â€Å"Less Than Zero†. It is a book that speaks of the life of young people in the society these days. This essay aims to describe the elements of textual style, time movement, and the leading character of the novel. First, the author’s style which employs fluidity of spatial location depict the constant changing of ads, videos, scenes, programs and channels on television to which this story resembles. It can be observed that the story jumps from one location to another. Indeed, reading the novel is like watching a television. Just like in this paragraph from the text: â€Å"After leaving Blair I drive down to Wilshire and then onto Santa Monica and then I drive onto Sunset and take Beverly Glen to Mulholland, and then to Sepulveda to Ventura and then I drive through Sherman Oak's to Encino and then into Tarzana and then Woodland Hills. I stop at Sambo's†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This scene narrates the constant search of Clay, the leading character of the story, for a place where he can find enjoyment and pleasure yet he always ends up feeling empty and frustrated. This characterizes the youth of the 80’s and of today. They do a lot of things, go to a lot of places, and meet a lot of people yet they end up with nothing. The teens in the story spend their time, money and energy in worthless activities such as drinking alcohol, sniffing cocaine, partying, and engaging in sex and more but they do not get anything worthwhile. There is another scene of Clay and Rip tells of the aimlessness of going from one place to another. It didn’t matter if they are getting nowhere as long as they are moving. Second, the fast and quick time movement of the story illustrates that people come and go. Nothing is permanent in this world and time flies fast. And this is probably the reason why it seems that the novel constantly talks of death. What is worse is that Clay and his friends do not even care. Like the case of the twelve-year old girl who was kidnapped, gang-raped by Rip together with his friends and was found dead the next day. It is such as gory sight yet it seems these teenagers in the story are unaffected. It can also be observed that together with the change of location is a change of time. Such as these phrases: â€Å"Blair picks me up from LAX†¦ Nobody’s home†¦ I bring Daniel to Blair’s party that night†¦Ã¢â‚¬  These scenes come after each other abruptly. There is no transition. It goes on and on. Lastly, Clay‘s character in the story portrays the nihilism and the passivism that characterizes the youth of today. He is the total picture of rich kids who have parents who can give them all the money and material things they want except for the love and time that they need. He narrates the story with passive indifference, probably because of his being constantly stoned with cocaine. He is detached in his feelings towards his family, his girlfriend, his friends and others. He seems not to care about what is happening to them. He sees the death that comes to people and yet he is unconcerned. However, he has a craving for something deeper. In fact, there are flashback scenes in the story where he remembered his grandparents and aunt. He even went back to Palm Springs where he grew up and he says: â€Å"I guess I went there because I want to remember the way things were.† This tells of a hidden part of him to get back to the good old days. In conclusion, the novel is an effective medium of presenting a picture of the younger generation’s life, struggles and hopes through the fluidity of spatial location, time movements and the character of Clay. Indeed, this novel â€Å"Less Than Zero† shows that the life of a teenager these days constantly changes and moves because of nihilism, passivism and aimlessness. Works Cited Ellis, Bret Easton. Less Than Zero. New York: Simon & Schuster Inc. 1

Health,Hygiene and Cleanliness Essay

The barracks are places great emphasis on cleanliness and well-being, both physically and leadership. In these places, even as much as a clean window is linked to physical cleanliness. More importantly, cleanliness is termed an indispensable fundamental of our role as a leader. However, this fundamental is sometimes hard to understand for some people, unfortunately, is not reflected in our cilivilian life practically. Serious reflection is required on our individual as well as collective teamworking to complete any thing to show others that we as individuals can do anythingMaintaining your barracks room is a very easy task to do. It does not take much to put your dirty clothes away or evem wash them or to make your rack or even dust. All of those tasks are very simple to do. By not maintaining any room I,my room mate, and anyone else at a greater risk of getting sick. Unsanitary conditions in the barracks room is disgusting. Through frequent contact throughout the day with the other soldiers that one soldier could be if he, or she becomes sick, could possibly cause other soldiers to be ill.When one person becomes the source of another person being sick then that soldier could be face possible punishmen The above few examples from the Holy Quran and sayings of the Holy Prophet reveal that without cleanliness of our body and environment, one cannot receive the proximity of Allah spiritually and most importantly, faith cannot be completed in the absence of cleanliness and purity. Much is said rhetorically about cleanliness in our society but practically its application is missing. A quick observation can reveal how insensitive a culture we have developed regarding cleanliness and hygiene.Throwing garbage in the streets, roads or parks has become a common practice in our society. In public places dustbins are seldom found. Even if dustbins are installed, people do not use them properly. Rather, they prefer to throw garbage outside them. It is also observed that peo ple clean their homes and shops and throw the garbage on the street without considering its implications. It is evident that even students of elite schools throw garbage on the ground even in the presence of garbage bins.This shows our attitude towards cleanliness and hygiene. Another habit that is commonly found in our society is spitting openly. People spit paan from running vehicles without considering the pedestrians walking on the road. This practice not only affects the environment but is also an eyesore. Another area that needs consideration is the horrible condition of public toilets. The shortage of public toilets is a big challenge, hence people are compelled to use open spaces to answer the call of nature.The toilets that do exist are in such pathetic condition that one cannot use them. There are many other examples which can be cited to indicate the pathetic condition of cleanliness and hygiene in our society. Hence, conscious efforts are needed to tackle this issue. The re is a dire need to educate and sensitise people about the importance of cleanliness in light of our faith. In this regard social institutions such as educational institutions, the media and religious institutions can play a vital role.It is essential to provide civic education in order to train the younger generations of a society. In Pakistan, the education system needs to transform its practices. Teaching and learning material regarding cleanliness and hygiene should be included in the curriculum and textbooks. Educational institutions should demonstrate cleanliness in their premises. To train young people schools should involve students in cleaning their schools, homes and environment and highlight proper sanitary practices. The use of dustbins should be strictly followed in the school premises.Secondly, the media can be a powerful source to educate and sensitise the masses about the importance of cleanliness and disadvantages of an unhygienic way of life. It should focus on bo th the good as well as unhygienic practices in our society. Thirdly, religious institutions such as mosques and madressahs can also play their part in educating the people about the importance of cleanliness in the light of Islamic teachings. Furthermore, the role and commitment of the government cannot be overlooked in maintaining cleanliness and hygiene in society.The government’s will is very crucial in making policies and implementing them at the grass-roots level. The government can play an important role in cleaning areas, installing dustbins, collecting garbage and enforcing laws against littering etc. The importance of cleanliness cannot be ignored in individual as well as communal life. On one hand it is an important factor for human health and spiritual development; on the other hand it is essential for environmental development. By adopting a clean and hygienic lifestyle, a valuable amount can also be saved where health issues are concerned.A clean and healthy life helps in refining the culture of a society and reflects in every aspect of life such as art, architecture, food, music and so on. Ultimately, it leads towards a higher level of civilisation. Islam has put unique emphasis on the importance of cleanliness by making it a part of faith. Hence, there is a dire need to make conscious efforts in educating the people about the importance of cleanliness. In this regard, serious steps are required at multiple levels to make this precious value of our faith part of our individual and collective lives.

Marketing communications plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marketing communications plan - Essay Example This paper includes the analysis of the market situation, marketing and communications objectives, recommended strategy, targeting/segmentation issues, tactics and actions plans, and people resources implications; lastly, is the deployment of the budget and rationale, the critical path of the plan activities and a crucial part of monitoring and measurement activities. The digital audio device market constitutes an annual growth rate of 25% in the hi-fi product market. â€Å"Portable digital audio devices...are becoming very popular with young people, with a projected worldwide market size of 20 million units by 2005† (Mourjopoulos, 2005, p.303). Blackberry maker Research in Motion (RIM) is the chosen based company that will enter the hi-fi audio market. In terms of market gap, Blackberry is stable and one of the fastest growing companies in the consumer electronics market. In the recent Smartphone market shares survey, Blackberry is in the second place with a market share of 17.8% (What hi-fi? Sounds and Vision, 2010). In the worldwide mobile phone market, Blackberry is at the fourth place with a 100 millionth shipped device. There are many predictions that Blackberry will be left behind by its competitors because â€Å"RIM services are pretty left behind with less attractiveness as well as loyalty from both developers and customers† (TMart Es, 2010). Because competition is very tight, Blackberry is now in total market share protection mode just like by making some of its product inexpensive (Dunewood, 2010). With this kind of performance, rest assured that it would not be difficult for RIM to introduce the new range of hi-fi audio products under Blackberry’s brand name. Blackberry’s usual target market is the business professionals and high income executives; however, the younger age groups will be added as the new target consumer group for hi-fi equipments. The range will be targeting the young generation because these

Dr Harold Shipman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Dr Harold Shipman - Essay Example According to the study this habit of keeping to himself was copied from the mother who was known as Vera. Shipman was a comparatively bright student in school but turned out to be mediocre in his upper level in school. On January 2000, he was found guilty of murder and sentenced to life imprisonment. He died after hanging himself in prison in 2004. His father was a lorry driver and his mother was a house wife. He was a very good rugby player. The mother’s death from lung cancer had very devastating effects on the psyche of Harold. He met his wife at the university in Leeds where he was studying medicine. After completing his medical studies, he was employed at Rochdale Canal Commission and later joined Todmorden. It was while here that his signs of criminal behavior began to be noticed. He begun having blackouts that were at early stages linked to epilepsy. However, it was later discovered that the fits were caused by a drug called pethidine. He was administering this drug to the patients. He was also later accused of forgery. The news of his crimes was made public in 1998. From this paper it is clear that psychological explanations of crime are basically a reflection of very many ranges of perspectives in psychology.It is mainly pegged on individual differences. However, crime can occur in a social context therefore factors like ethnicity, gender as well as other dynamics can be ignored. The contribution of psychology is therefore very important in broadening our understanding of crimes and criminals. Earlier theories explaining criminal behavior explain criminal behavior to be as a result of defects existing in an individual. These defects are often viewed as either biological as well as psychological in nature. These defects are responsible for separating the criminal from the being a law abiding citizen.  

Journal summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Journal summary - Essay Example Some of the symptoms of the illness include either mood episodes that might constitute an overly joyful state, also known as manic episodes, or depressive episodes, which is an extremely hopeless or sad state (Saunders, 2010). It is possible to use several medications in the treatment of the disorder, which are inclusive of mood stabilizers used for the prevention of manic episodes that might be recurrent. Apart from the medications used, some of the other interventions applicable for controlling the disorder include psychotherapy sessions for the family members as well as the individual, support groups, and psychoeducational classes (Saunders, 2010). Some of the nursing interventions used for patients with the disease might involve the stabilization of acute symptoms, safety measures and crisis intervention mechanisms. However, the application of the interventions depends with the status of the patient. The responsibility of the nurse in this case would be to assess the behavior of the patient, his or her mood or thought processes, which is a consideration that will assist the patient in getting a positive perioperative experience (Saunders,

International Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 4

International Business Law - Essay Example Most of these laws are based on international treaties and conventions, bilateral trade agreements, bilateral tax agreements, international financial and crimes statues, various forms of economic integration, among others. It is worth noting that most of these laws are geared towards protecting investors, residents of investee countries and relevant governments from fraud, exploitations and other malpractices that can stem from illegal operations. Most laws controlling international business deal with taxation, money laundering, employee rights, the process and system of justice, competition, among others (Goode & McKendrick ,2007). International law may be defined as the body of rules that nations or states recognize as binding upon one another in their mutual relations in areas of investment trade and services. In this area some of the Sources of international law are customs, treaties, and general principles of law, resolutions and declarations of international organizations, doctrines of equity and writings of judges together with legal scholars.A company that wishes to begin operation in Germany can choose between three different legal forms under company which are ; the formation of a permanent establishment or the formation of an independent branch establishment, the formation of a German partnership and the formation of a corporation as the Ultra Educational Software Ltd.’s subsidiary. It is also possible when studying the recent rulings of the European Court of Justice for a company to use corporations from other European Member States with a good example of the English Limited Company which is very popular. It is said that more than 30,000 Limited Companies exist in the republic of Germany. Definitely may be will be exposing itself to a number of legal risks as it embarks on exporting chocolate to Germany. First of all, the company shall

Critical Analysis of A Doll House Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Critical Analysis of A Doll House - Essay Example with feminist literature is limited, I believe that this play is an example of feminist thought since a woman (Nora) is able to confront and come to a settlement with the oppressor in her life. The liberties afforded to women today were non-existent in those times and I do not think that the ending of the play which shows Nora walking out on her husband and children would be acceptable to Victorian viewers. For her husband, Nora is nothing more than a person who keeps the house clean and beautiful as well as being a plaything for entertainment. However, by the end of the play we can see that the representations of characters are quite the contrary since Nora transforms herself completely. From a weak woman who lives by the whims and fancies of her husband, she gains enough strength to deny him completely and start her own life. She realizes how all men in her life have wanted to use her for one purpose or another and she is merely a doll living in a doll house. The forgery committed by her was to help her husband recover from his illness, yet all he could think of was the scandal which would be created if it was discovered. There is also the dual role of women presented in the beginning of the play which was particularly interesting i.e. a self sacrificing object and an object to be desired. Regardless of the social stature of the woman in question, she is expected to sacrifice herself for the man in her life whether it is a weak father or a sick husband. In terms of appearances, nothing in the house or the nature of the characters is shown to be true. Nora appears to be a weak and flighty woman while she is revealed to be thoughtful, caring and strong willed. Torvald is supposed to be the ‘man of the house’ and the one in charge of things however, all power is taken away from him by Nora and he shows his true colors as a coward by not supporting his wife. Krogstad appears to be a scheming, evil fellow at the beginning of the play but at the end he appears

League of Nations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

League of Nations - Essay Example The founders of the UN — the most significant international organization of our times — took the model of the League as a starting point for the new organization, based on the lessons learned from the experiences of the League (Grigorescu: 36, 38). The League proved to be outstanding in the field of health preventing the spread of diseases. Its agency, the Health Organization later became the World Health Organization. The International Labor Organization started in those days and continues to exist today. It also needs to be pointed out the work done in the Third World to improve the status of women and child slave labor; current issues among the non-governmental organizations and the UN. Drug smuggling was also targeted and in this aspect the League can be considered a precursor taking into account that before WWI only timid attempts were made in this issue. In addition, we need to bear in mind the foundation of the League’s work in this almost unlimited field: the scientific publications (Sweetser: 181).That is to say that the UN followed the structure of the League, inherited a number of agencies, and tried to improve them. The main organs of the League were the General Assembly formed by the Members of the League which main task was to decide on the organization’s policy (Article 3 of the Covenant adopted by the Paris Peace Conference in April 1919)); the Council that included 4 permanent members (Britain, France, Italy and Japan) and 4 (later became 9) others elected by the General Assembly every 3 years.... Drug smuggling was also targeted and in this aspect the League can be considered a precursor taking into account that before WWI only timid attempts were made in this issue. In addition, we need to bear in mind the foundation of the League's work in this almost unlimited field: the scientific publications (Sweetser: 181). That is to say that the UN followed the structure of the League, inherited a number of agencies, and tried to improve them. The main organs of the League were the General Assembly formed by the Members of the League which main task was to decide on the organization's policy (Article 3 of the Covenant adopted by the Paris Peace Conference in April 1919); the Council that included 4 permanent members (Britain, France, Italy and Japan) and 4 (later became 9) others elected by the General Assembly every 3 years; the Permanent Secretariat that prepared the agenda and published reports of the meetings (art.6); and it created the Permanent Court of International Justice (art. 13) which has been previously recommended by the Second Hague Conference but no agreement had been achieved at that time (Donnell: 404). When the UN was constituted the Council became the UN Security Council with the principal allies in WWII as the permanent members (UK, USSR, France, US and China); decisions are bindi ng on all members, but unanimity is not required; the Permanent Court of International Justice became the International Court of Justice; and the General Assembly and the Secretariat remained. With the League, authorization for any action required both a unanimous vote by the Council and a majority vote in the Assembly (art.5) making decisions difficult to

Psychoanalysis-Sigmund Freud Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Psychoanalysis-Sigmund Freud - Essay Example The most interesting aspect of the theory however is that it can be applied to various concepts to give convincing explanations for phenomena, thus this paper aims at applying the theory to the fashion industry to draw various patterns to understand the human psyche in regard to the industry. To comment on the various aspects of the theory to relate them with fashion, it is important to highlight the dominant propositions of the theory. Psychoanalysis is the theory put forth by Sigmund Freud to explain the personality formation and conceptualization of the human psyche in context to their identity development as a process carved out through enculturation and socialization in the world they live in (Freud 1923). To make sense of the proposition, Freud talks about the unconscious mind, mental drives and the emerging conflict giving rise to various emotions and personality developments (Freud 1920). Since fashion is also an entity revolving around the social sphere rather being shaped by the social variables, it can also be understood in terms of shaping human identity by affecting the mind and conscious. Fashion affects the human body and mind as it relates to various social constructs manifested amongst the masses by using various tools and techniques, which will be elabo rated on in this essay. Fashion manifests the internal desires of humans, as the libido is now centered at the body of an individual, where the social constructs and the ego impulses inflict the gratification with various objects1. Freud is quoted to have said "The ego is not master in its own house." (Farquhar & Askay p 131) Freud is of the view that the unconscious mind contains the repressed pleasure seeking desires of an individual which have been subdued by the ego and the superego drives, or by the fear of castration (Freud 1923). Also, in relation to this context, it is important to discuss the libido drives which are

European Politics Essay Example for Free

European Politics Essay European Union has a evolutional history. Many Countries struggle to attain Independence’s this the only aim of the European Nations’struggle? This paper has discussed the reasons there struggle some being to attain Independence, others needed to be autonomous and others wanting to unite with Russia. They faced many challenges, and were organized in parties. European politics is involved with the continuous political evolution. Due to the high political unity amongst European states as well as the state’s long history, European politics is more detailed compared to other continents. The European political make-up has been contributed to by its historical events, culture, economy and its geographical location. European Union is dominant in the modern European politics. This occurred since the collapse of the Eastern Bloc of communists’ states and the fall of iron curtains. After World War II the EU expand towards the East and included 27 states as members. These states are represented in the European parliament. European has been undergoing political transformation even since 1763 to 1787. After the seven years’ war (1756-63) there was a stability period of peace. In 1702-1714, there was the war of the Spanish succession, and this was after many years of the great World War. This war took fifty years. Some British and French statesmen had tried to create a long lasting peace by use of collective security, but the old contests had not stopped after the Utrecht-Rastatt’s peace and some more including Northern Europe, Germany, Near East and Italy developed in the succeeding decades. It was in the seven years’ war of 1756-63 when a climax of forty years of imbalance of struggle for power was reached. This war was bigger than the war of Spanish succession and more blood was shed, and ended up with its fighters tired of fighting and exhausted. The results were decisive in continental theatres as well as in maritime, but in varying at up. Spain was defeated by Britain in the fight for colonies and seas control defeated France on sea, and by Prussia on land. This made France to collapse financially. The aggressive spirit of King Frederick the Great of Prussia was decreased at the end of war. European states are part of the international organizations which are political and economically. Almost all European states are members of European council which is the only Pan-European organization. The activities of the European council are programs that harmonize regulations and law amongst the member state in citizenship, bioethics. Heritage protection the linguistic and cultural minority right among others. In other terms the council can be related to regional version state jointly related to government and national union. It plays role as a market, with customs union, common policy in Agriculture and Fisheries as well as acting as a single currency with thirteen of its twenty seven members adopting. This union constitutes the largest economy worldwide consisting 2007 nominal GDP of 15. 849 million USD. The union primarily started as an economic union before evolving into a political policy, and this has been contributed by the many political areas within EU competence. There has been a debate between and within some member states concerning more development in political competence of EU. There was a military alliance of European states together with United States of America and Canada, commonly known as North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), which was founded as a collective security as a result of World War II. This alliance targeted to provide defense incase the Soviet Union attacked the European allies of United States. The attack was to be treated as if it had attacked the United States bearing in mind it was composed of the largest military. They expected to get the best defense, but the Soviet never invaded Europe, instead the alliance was involved in September 12th 2001, responding to the previous day’s attack on the United States. GUAM organization for Democracy and Economic Development was formed to counter the Russia’s influence in that area. This group constituted four common wealth independent states (CIS) that is Georgia, Ukraine, Azerba-Ijan and Moldova, though it was encouraged and backed up by the United States. It reached a time when it appeared to have ceased its operation but there is a possibility to revive its operation through developments. The common wealth of the independent states (CIS) has few supranational powers, but it’s a symbolic organization that has power to coordinate trade, security, law making and finance. It came up with a full-fledged free trade zone between its members, who are 12 states of 15 states of former Soviet Union, excluding Baltic States, in 2005. This confederation has enhances cooperation on democratization and has prevented cross border crime. In devolutionary pressures, movements requiring independence or autonomy varied in politically and popularity support depending on campaign, and the kind of movements Georgia has two region and wanted to join with Russia, in Italy, there was a small independent movement, and the Lega Nord, the Italian political party, supports, blamed southern Italy for blocking progress and getting tax funds away and condemned them as racial nationalist group. On the other hand it supported the Northern Italy. Italy is to be divided into two countries, the North and the South. In Netherlands, Frisian National party sought autonomy for Friesland without caring about Fresian culture and without striving for total independent. Transylvania belonged to Austria-Hungary before the Treaty of Triarion. There is small minority Hungarian ethic who felt like reuniting with Hungary. These are habitants of Romania. The North Caucasus border of Russia, supports has movements in search for independence. The English Democrats in United Kingdom saw the need for England to devolve. In United Kingdom is composed for a mixture of many parties with different wills. In this state, there are movements and parties that needed independence and at the same time some parties wanted to be incorporated in the Republic of Ireland thus saw not need of the province being in the union. After the election of Victor Yuschenko as a president some areas in Ukraine wanted to join Russia. Ukraine did not only have movements that wanted complete independence, but also the urge to get higher autonomy, after uniting with Russia. Though some autonomous regions of Spain are peaceful, they violently acquired the peace. In 2006, there were international negotiations to define final status of Kosovo a Serbia’s province, which all through had territorial and political dispute between its ethnic population and the Serbian government organization. In 1532, some movements in Northern France lost independence, and they wanted to regain it. These countries in the State had different needs as pertains the movement’s nature or rather composition to the kind of campaign. These needs or rather goals varied from attaining autonomy, attaining independence or the need to reunite with Russia. The Unions’ membership enlargement poses a political issue trying to know from the diving the extent at which the block should move. The block location in terms of size and the fear of the block moving very far and including other regions created a challenge to the European Union. European nation is divided into council, parliament council of European Union and commission. The commission has the mandate to Rome up with registration and the use of law each member state is represented by a member. President comes from the commission. The union’s prime minister has different powers with the president Directorate-General (DG) and commissioner, but they have similar roles. The councils have no delegated power to the union’s supranational institutions, and have no treaties official power. The head of state has similar roles to council. Legislative branch of the union incorporate parliament and council, whose formation differs as in the parliament is elected directly while the council is formed and mainly of national ministers. Insensitive areas have lower control of national minister. The powers in the union are given according to pillars. These pillars are usually three; the first one being that of community, the second is Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) while the third is ‘Police and Judicial Cooperation in Criminal matters (PJCC). Just to mention, the 1st First pillar entails common Fisheries poly, Agricultural policy, Environmental law, Immigration Poly, Education and culture among others. The second pillar has security policy and foreign policy and the third pillar deals with human beings trafficking Fraud and bribery, terrorism, weapon smuggling among others. Each pillar’s principles differ on intergovernmental and supranational basis, supranationalism being higher in 1st pillar. After every five years by adult suffrage, votes are casted. Despite having no voting system, there should be a ratio in representing either singly or under a party the area at which the votes casting is done can be in whole or subdivided, and election threshold should be below five percent. The European law requires to be bound to. The union makes legislative acts and all its members are expected to bind to a direct applied law (regulation, a framework of objectives in which a national law in order to achieve its goals, and a decision based on particular issue are the key forms by which a union can present its legislative acts. (HayMenon,2007). European bases their constitution texts on their treaties. The role of the European treaties is to form institution which are given aims of the union, which are set also by the treaties and the institution should always aim at attain the set aims. Currently the European integration is under four treaties, namely; the Treaty of European nation which was put to work in November 1993 after it was signed on 7th February 1992 in Maastricht. This treaty was involved with security policy and Home Affairs. The Treaty showing European Economic Community (ECC) which was put into action on 1st January 1958 and was signed at the same time with Euratom treaty, in Rome on March the 25th of 1957, and due to the place at which it was signed, its usually also referred to as the Treaty of Rome. The treaty of Paris was put to work on 23rd day of July 1952 but expired on 23rd day of July 2002. It was signed on the 18th day of April, 1951, and was involved with putting into place the European steel and coal community. The forth treaty was involved with the development of European atomic Energy community which is commonly referred to as Euratom Treaty and was signed at Rome on the 25th day of March, 1957. There were times when these treaties expired or required additional or subtraction of some of its terms and roles thus the need for changes and reforms. European political party is obliged to operate transitionally in the state, and is usually funded and recognized by the European Union. Their formation is usually bases on partly parties in the whole Europe. As per the European parliament and commission as there were ten (10) recognized parties by 2006, namely European People Party which was the first to be formed, then the European Socialist Party was formed, followed by European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party, the Free Alliance European Party, the European Areas Party, Alliance for Europe of the Nations, European theft party, European Democratic party, Alliance of Independent Democrats in Europe and EU Democratic, which were formed respectively. These parties mostly consider co-operating and working as a coalition as this makes them stronger and gives the party a chance to get higher financial fund rate from the parliament at the same time ensuring they have access to committee’s seat which an independent party can afford to access due to the cost. To enhance the uniting of parties, however requires that the member states votes for the Groups MEPs should not be less than one-fifth, that its MEPs can create a group of their wish, that all MEPs in a group should be registered in only one group and that, a groups MEPs should be of the same political goal. It’s only after fulfilling these requirements that two groups can join and unite to for a coalition thus enjoying the privileges. The Groups can either be organized from many European parties, national parties or be made of MEPs of a single European political party. An Account of the changes that the European Socialist Parties have undergone since the Second World War. European Socialist Part (PES) in a party in the European political party composed of equal number of labor, social democratic, and socialist parties from members’ states of European Union and also from Norway. The socialist party constitutes socialist group in parliament which is composed of more than 200 MEPs thus making the group to be second largest, in the European parliament. This socialist group was there since 1953 and the socialist party was formed back in 1992. Ever since it’s the party held the largest single group position in the parliament. After the party’s formation in 1953, socialist party Henri Spaak was elected first president, with Guy Mollet elected the first bureau and secretariat apart from being the chair. The socialists attempt to produce a common European socialist’s program in 1961 being outlaid by an enlargement application. Despite their congress trying to enhance more democratization, and parliament powers in 1962, it took them longer than they expected since this was considered in 1969, after Kate Strobel MEP winning the 1st woman chair. They continued to achieve and rule and in 1971’s elections saw their member, Walter Behrendt as the second parliament president. It took few years since then when other states joined the community and brought with them some more parties, which enlarged the community as well as the congress. These states included Ireland, United Kingdom and Denmark and after meeting they made social policy in which they were entitled to democracy, equality and give them the right to work in the European economy. Elections were carried out again in 1975, and socialist Georges Spe’nale was as the parliament’s president. After the union with Ireland, Denmark and United Kingdom, a confederation of the European communities’ socialist party was formed. Their was an election manifesto, which the confederation signed after the parliaments first direct elections in 1979, and the manifesto objective was aimed at ending discrimination, promoting peace, fighting pollution and ensuring the ability to decent work among others. They were the largest group in the parliament. Two years after the direct election, its first status was signed and they united with other states like Greece, Portugal and Spain made this party to increase. It did not take the Group long before they saw the need and the privileged of cooperation; in 1987 they cooperated with people’s party group thus increasing their number. (Grolier, Inc, 2002). In 1992, the already existing confederation was changed to party of European socialist, whose manifesto had more issues to deal with compare to the election manifesto and the added areas included gender equality, fighting organized crimes and democracy among others. The party had its second leader in the 1994’s election after the party won two hundred and fifteen (215) out of the available six hundred and twenty six (626). After a five year period of ruling, the parliament refused to sign for approval of the commission’s EU budget handling, and this lead to crisis. This was because of the allegation of corruption made to two of the socialists’ members. The socialists tried to bloc the order made by the commission that the member’s concerned had to resign, by their president trying to vote confidence vote in the commission, since the PES took the issue as a false allegation made to stop them from participating in the year’s election. Since socialist were the majority they were on the government side, they decided to stop helping or rather supporting the other party thus facilitating santer commission’s to resign. After the five years of ruling, elections was carried out, the socialists lost the votes to people’s party with the winning party attaining two hundred and thirty three the socialists had only one hundred and eighty. In the 2004 elections the socialist party lost once more by getting only two hundred seats in seven hundred and thirty two seats. The European Political history has been an evolutional process. The struggle was aimed at either attaining independence, or becoming autonomous. The European politics is composed of the parliament headed by a President from a party with the majority seats, the commission, and a council. Each of its constituent has its mandate and powers. The Socialist’ Party headed in the parliament longer till 1999.